Second, the patriotic spirit of advocating honesty.
Integrity, that is, ambition and moral integrity, refers to the quality of upholding justice and truth and preferring death to surrender to evil. Among honesty, national honesty is the most important. National integrity is the moral basis of patriotism, which takes safeguarding the interests of the nation and the country as the highest principle, showing indomitable spirit of struggle and a strong sense of caring for the country and the people. At this point, Qilu philosophers have common characteristics. They jointly cast the patriotic spirit of Qilu culture, but Confucianism is the most prominent one. Zi has a famous saying that "the three armed forces can win the handsome, but ordinary men can't win the ambition" (The Analects of Confucius Zi Han), and Mencius has a famous saying that "wealth can't be immoral". The poor can't move, and the power can't bend (Mencius: Gong Sunchou). Holes and jars are what they mean. Confucius traveled around the world, hit a wall everywhere, was poor in the Song Dynasty, and was trapped between Zheng He. "Chen hunger strike, avoid its disease, can't xing. When Lutz saw it, he said, "Even a gentleman is poor?" Confucius said,' A gentleman is poor, but a villain is poor and extravagant. "(The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong), continue to play the piano and sing. In the face of rape, Kong Gan showed a fearless spirit, such as the meeting of Oracle bones in Qilu in 500 BC. Qi You Li Simi tries to hijack lujun (Ding Gong) in the name of providing dance music. At this critical juncture, Confucius "climbed the stairs, it is better to take others as an example", severely criticized the monarch and minister of Qi with courtesy, foiled the conspiracy of Qi people, defended the safety of Lu Jun and safeguarded the dignity of Lu State. (See Historical Records Confucius Family) In the face of truth, Confucius is "never tired of learning" and "quick to do it". He founded a private school to teach his disciples, sorted out cultural heritage and created ideological culture, which made indelible contributions to the construction of national culture in China. Confucius is a great national hero, and his thoughts always shine with the light of patriotism.
Mencius, on the other hand, cultivated "noble spirit" to fill the spirit of heaven and earth, proclaimed his own kingship, and took governing the world as his own responsibility, and put forward the idea of "worrying about the world while enjoying it" (five chapters of Mencius Hui Liang). In order to pursue truth and safeguard justice, he can sacrifice his life for righteousness.
Guan Zhong has been controversial since ancient times. He and Zhao suddenly assisted Gong Zijiu. After Gong Zijiu died, Zhao suddenly died, but Guan Zhong didn't die, which turned against his vengeful son. Therefore, some people criticized him. Confucius' students Luz and Zigong suggested that Guan Zhong was "heartless?" problem Confucius promised Guan Zhong to be kind, saying, "Be kind! That's it! " He added: "Guan Zhong is a duke, a tyrant and a conqueror, and the people have been blessed by him until now. Wei Guanzhong, I was left behind. If you think this is a mistake, you don't know it when you are in the ditch. " Guan Zhong himself explained that he didn't die because of Gong Zijiu, because he was "not ashamed of details, and his fame was not obvious to the world." Guan Zhong's "name" is associated with governing the world. He is Qi Huangong, a tyrant and a conqueror of the world. He respects the king, saves Xing and Wei, establishes Cao and pursues Rong Di in the north, thus defending the peace and civilization of the Central Plains. Compared with the owner who died with one person and one surname, this is the overall situation and a major festival of the nation-state. Confucius' benevolence is an affirmation of his great festival, so Guan Zhong's patriotism is unfathomable and can't be understood by people loyal to monarchs and lords.
Other Qilu philosophers and their thoughts also show different forms and degrees of patriotic action and patriotism. Mao Sui recommended himself and led troops to defeat Qi and defend Lu. Sun Bin defeated Wei in Guiling and Maling to defend Qi. Xin thief saved Zhao, which not only saved Zhao, but also strengthened Wei. This is a patriotic act. Lv Zhonglian was unfaithful to the Qin Dynasty. He solved the siege of Chu Nanyang with a golden tongue, retired Gao Tang Zhao's soldiers, but invaded Liaocheng Yan State with 65,438+10,000 people. Chunyu Kun "counted the princes without humiliation"; Zigong's mission did not disgrace your life, and there was a miracle of "one horse, saving Lu and destroying Wu, weak Qi, strengthening Jin and destroying Yue"; Good at rhetoric, making friends, making Chu fight against the enemy, improving the national prestige of Qi, Mozi running around the clock, eliminating war and other diplomatic activities. He is also patriotic. Mr. Xia Ji's "Writing Books and Saying to Cure Chaos" (Historical Records, Mencius and Biography of Xun Qing) and his cultural and ideological creation are another type of patriotic expression. Confucius, Mencius, Mo and others all run education, cultivate talents and spread science and culture, which is also a patriotic act. In short, there are many forms of patriotism, and the key is whether we can celebrate the whole festival in "Fight to the Death" and show the spirit of "surrender to death", "surrender to death" and "sacrifice life for justice". In this respect, Qilu philosophers left us brilliant thoughts and exemplary actions. This basic spirit of Qilu culture has played a huge positive role in the unification and consolidation of our country and the unity and cohesion of our nation, and has also become one of the basic spirits of our nation.
Third, practice the spirit of saving the world.
In the last section, when we talk about the characteristics of Qilu culture, we analyze that the spirit of salvation is the link between Qilu school of thought. That is to say, although the ideological characteristics and systems of various schools are different, the spirit of actively living and saving the world is the same, thus forming the basic spirit of Qilu culture. (omitted)
Fourth, the dynamic spirit that man can conquer nature.
As we all know, Qilu culture and even China traditional culture have a basic viewpoint, which is called the unity of heaven and man. Not only does Shintoism believe that heaven is the master of man, "heaven also has joys and sorrows, and is in harmony with man." By analogy, heaven and man are one. "(Yin-Yang meaning in Spring and Autumn Annals) is a philosophical view of nature, and it is also a view of" harmony between man and nature ".
Mencius said, "He who does his best knows his nature. Knowing its nature, then knowing its nature "(Mencius with all his heart) is the beginning of the thought of the unity of man and nature. Mencius' so-called sex is the inherent nature of human beings, such as "compassion, shame, resignation, right and wrong" and so on. The so-called heart is the organ of thinking: "The official thinking of the heart leads to thinking. Not without thinking. This day is with me. " ("Mencius Gao Zi Shang") Therefore, you can be intellectual with one heart, and intellectual will know the sky. However, Mencius did not explicitly put forward the unity of heaven and man.
The Book of Changes is about the idea of "harmony between man and heaven and earth". As the saying goes, "husband and heaven, and the sun and the moon, and the four seasons, and ghosts and gods, and good or bad, and nature, become one, and the day after tomorrow will serve heaven." ("The Sweet Melon Biography") also said, "Later, we should cut into the way of heaven and earth and assist the heaven and earth." ("Taigua Biography")
Yin-yang scholars even associate astronomical phenomena with personnel and talk about "the feeling between heaven and man": this view has far-reaching influence and is regarded as the basic theory in traditional Chinese medicine, qigong and cosmic holography.
However, in Qilu culture, which runs through the idea of harmony between man and nature, there is no lack of dynamic spirit of harmony between man and nature and man can conquer nature. Its representative figure is Xunzi. Xun's "On Tian Zi" says: "Heaven has its time, land has its wealth, people have their governance, and husbands can participate." It's confusing to attend what you want to attend instead of what you want to attend. "The distinction between heaven and man is clarified, and the brilliant ideas of" mastering fate and using it "and" man can conquer nature "are put forward, emphasizing the dynamic role of man. This thought was valuable in ancient times and full of dialectical materialism. Have a profound impact on future generations.
Fifth, the people-oriented spirit of "valuing the people over the monarch"
Mencius first put forward the idea of "valuing the people and despising the monarch". Mencius: "The people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light." This is a very radical slogan from the development of people-oriented doctrine to the Warring States period. In fact, humanism was not formed in the Warring States period, but formed a trend of thought in the Spring and Autumn Period, which influenced the thoughts of various philosophers. Guan Zhong first put forward "people-oriented", and all the scholars in Qi were followers of Guan Zhong and born humanists. However, Confucianism and Mohism in the state of Lu value people and love others. Aspect, a more radical and systematic theory. Confucius' thought system of benevolence is based on people-oriented thought. "Benevolent people love others" is the highest generalization of humanism. "People value, monarch values" is a radical footnote of humanism. (omitted)
Sixth, the humanitarian spirit of kindness and caring for the people.
"Humanism" is relative to "Shinto". "Shintoism" is based on God, which puts people in a passive position dominated by God and has no independent personality. For example, "Xia Dao respects life and stays away from ghosts and gods"; "Yin people respect God, lead civil gods, and worship ghosts before rituals." Man is a slave before God, and slaves are not treated as human beings. Humanism is people-oriented, emphasizing people's value, respecting people's independent personality and safeguarding people's dignity and rights. In a word, treat people as people. Treating people as human beings began in the Western Zhou Dynasty in China with "respecting heaven and protecting the people" or "respecting morality and protecting the people", both of which have the same meaning and focus on "protecting the people". There is no difference between "virtue" and "heaven". Because Zhou people are not humanists, they are still concerned about heaven and life. Just because of Yin's death, they saw the power of slaves. After the liberation of slaves in the Spring and Autumn Period and the formation of humanism, classical humanism really took shape.
Humanistic spirit is the soul and core of Qilu culture. Qilu culture revolves around the core of "human", so we summarize Qilu's study as "human study" or "benevolence study" In other words, Qilu and Baijia hold high the banner of human nature and regard people as the foundation of governing the country. For example, Guan and Yan advocate enriching the people, benefiting the people and conforming to the people's hearts. Because of folkways and public opinions, Mr. Wang basically followed the thought of management and strictness, but the form changed slightly, but the essence was the same. Mohism's universal love, non-aggression, non-robbery, frugality, noble righteousness and prosperity, and "promoting the benefits of the world and eliminating the harm of the world" (Mozi Le Fei Merchants) are all based on "people" and seek benefits for the people and working people. Therefore, they all exude the brilliance of humanitarian spirit. Of course, Confucianism is the most prominent embodiment of the humanitarian spirit and the most systematic theory. Confucius was the most brilliant humanitarian banner at that time, even in ancient China. The Confucian cultural system he founded is called the benevolence system, that is, the humanistic system. He put forward that "the benevolent loves others" is the highest embodiment of humanitarian spirit. Confucius is better than Guan He and Mo. It seems that he broke through the restrictions of class, race, country and region and regarded "people" as a big category. His "lover" is "great love on earth", which is consistent with his "no one can be less".
Of course, there is controversy about Confucius and his thoughts, especially during the Cultural Revolution, when ultra-left thoughts were overwhelming. Confucius is a hypocrite, a restorer, a general representative of the declining slave owners and nobles, the biggest reactionary leader in history and a criminal. His "lover" is said to love only slave owners and nobles, and only the declining slave owner class. His "lover" thought has become an inhuman thing, and even the word "humanity" has been regarded as a bourgeois thing, and no one dares to mention it. As for "great love on earth", not to mention, it is against the Marxist class view. But we say that Confucius' "benevolence" is about "human love", which is based on the reality of Confucius' thought. Confucius is not a Marxist. He doesn't understand any class views. This is not a crime, and it is not surprising that he proposed "human love". At that time, it could only be said that it was commendable. There are special articles in this book about Confucius' exposition of "love" and his ideological system of "benevolence", which cannot and need not be expanded here. People's views and debates on Confucius' thought of "love" have become a well-known problem in academic circles, so we can know it without saying it. We only say that "humanistic spirit" is the core concept of Qilu culture, and humanistic spirit is the most basic spirit of Qilu culture. Without it, Qilu culture will not only be eclipsed, but also become another way and lose its meaning.
Seven, selfless team spirit
The Chinese nation advocates collectivism, sociability, harmony, unity and selflessness.
The spirit of collectivism is another common leading spirit of Qilu philosophers and schools. First of all, Guan Zhong and Guan Zhong School attach great importance to sociality, unity and unity of mind. They believe that gregarious, United and unified are the source of strength and the basis for defeating the enemy. Although Guan Zhong and Guan Zhong School tend to be overbearing, their academic thoughts are basically based on hegemony, only emphasizing "harmony between people" and "concentricity".
Mohist school takes the world as its own responsibility, emphasizes "promoting the benefits of the world and eliminating the harm of the world", and takes "altruism", "benefiting others" and "selflessness" as the boundaries, which can be said to be a typical example of selflessness. But it is far less than Confucianism in the overall system of theory. First of all, Confucius separated "harmony" from "sameness" and emphasized that "gentlemen are harmonious but different" (The Analects of Confucius. Lutz) laid a theoretical foundation for his gregarious thought. Secondly, Confucius put forward the ideal of "Great Harmony" on the basis of summarizing the collectivism thought of predecessors. And drew the blueprint of his ideal society, that is, "Confucius said:' the trip to the avenue is also for the public ..." contained in the Book of Rites. This ideal society is naturally utopian, but it brings the selfless collectivism spirit to a very high level, which makes people yearn for it, and regards it as a lofty pursuit, striving for it, attracting and condensing our ethnic groups, and constantly advancing under the realistic "well-off" goal designed by him.
After Confucius, another master of Confucianism, Xunzi, raised collectivism to the height of human rationality. "Xunzi Wang Zhi" says: "Fire and water are alive but not alive, plants are alive but ignorant, animals are knowledgeable but meaningless, and people are alive and righteous, so it is the most expensive in the world. Strength is not like an ox, walking is not like a horse, and both are used. Why? Yue: People can group, but not group. How do people group? Say: points. How can we do that? Yue: righteousness. Therefore, righteousness is divided into one, one is strong and strong, and strong is better than things. " "So, life can't be without groups." "When the group is right, everything will be appropriate, and all six animals will have their longevity."
In cultural discussions, our nation's group spirit or collectivism concept is often negatively criticized, which is considered as a constraint on the development of individual humanity. However, we believe that the formation of selfless group spirit and collectivism concept is by no means without cause. It is an idea summed up by our nation in the development of thousands of years of civilization and history. It has become one of the outstanding traditional spirits of our nation, profoundly affecting our nation's psychological mentality, values, ethics and way of thinking, and playing a huge positive role in the development of our country and nation. First of all, the cohesion of our nation, the unity of our people and the unity of our country are irrefutable despite the impact of foreign nationalities and cultures, and team spirit has played an important role. Secondly, the selfless collective concept has inspired generations of people with lofty ideals to devote themselves to the country, the nation and the people, to be self-denying, to give up their lives and forget their death, to die bravely. Third, although China's ancient ideal of "Great Harmony" is unscientific, it is spiritually related to the future communist ideal. Marxist scientific communism theory can take root, blossom and bear fruit in China, a land bred by ancient culture, and it is inseparable from their inner spiritual connection. It is also of great significance for China's modernization to explore China's selfless group spirit.
Eight, diligent and wise creative spirit
The reason why Qilu ancient culture is prosperous, full of talents and sages, superior to other regions, besides superior natural conditions, the motive force of national integration and the above-mentioned basic spirit, there is another point worthy of in-depth study, that is, the creative spirit of diligence and wisdom in Qilu culture, which is often ignored. This spirit is not only reflected in the contention of a hundred schools of thought in Qilu in the pre-Qin period, but also in the invention and creation of the prehistoric Dongyi people.
According to documents and historical legends, Dongyi people made many inventions in prehistoric times, from the invention of bows and arrows, boats and cars, to the creation of fish, hunting, agriculture, animal husbandry, brewing and smelting technology, to the discovery and creation of astronomy, geography, rhythm and music system. Most of them have never left the east. The collected archaeological data, documentary records and historical legends are generally credible (see the second part for details). Because Dongyi people are hardworking, brave and smart, they are good at invention and creation, and they are also famous for their kindness, humility and prudence. Diligence leads to cleverness and skill, while modesty leads to progress; Kind and tolerant, good at and easy to absorb foreign cultures, learn from others and make up for their own shortcomings, so the prehistoric Dongyi people invented and created mostly.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Qilu seems to reproduce the era of prehistoric Dongyi culture prosperity. Guan Zhong is a great politician, and his political reform is a great creative project, which has made great achievements in politics, economy, culture, education and military affairs. Confucius was a great thinker and educator. In the past, people were bound by the doctrine of "words don't mean everything" and thought that it was only the inheritance and teaching of culture. In fact, his ideological and cultural innovation is comprehensive and unparalleled. Take the traditional ritual and music culture in China as an example. It is generally believed that it was created by the Duke of Zhou, and Confucius was just a "follower" of the Zhou Dynasty. Yes, Duke Zhou was the initiator of the culture of rites and music, but the culture of rites and music in the Zhou Dynasty had collapsed as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, although Confucius himself said, "Depressed! I learned it from Zhou (Eight Books of the Analects of Confucius), but I'm afraid Confucius himself can't tell what the rites and music are like, just looking for an authoritative support for his own innovation. Confucius' cultural thought of rites and music is entirely his creation. In fact, the cultural tradition of rites and music handed down by later generations is a set of Confucius. It is appropriate that Confucius is regarded as the most sacred teacher.
Qi's military science is unique and unparalleled in the world. Sun Tzu's masterpiece The Art of War is the oldest and most influential military code in the world.
In terms of science and technology, the main achievement in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was Qilu. Lu Ban is not only a craftsman, but also an inventor. Legend has it that he invented saws, umbrellas, etc.
In astronomy, Gander is second to none in the country. His astronomical works and Ren Weishi's works were merged into a book called Shi Gan Xing Jing. Both of them have their own strengths, but in general, gan is earlier and higher than Shi.
In terms of geography, Zou Yan's Okur Book said that although it was derived from the near and the far, from the small to the big, it can't be said that he was not based on the scientific speculation of later geographical discoveries. At the same time, his profound observation of the changes of Yin and Yang and the theory of "five virtues ending in the beginning" also have a profound astronomical foundation.
In medicine, Qin Yueren, the imperial doctor, was born in Zheng Yang, and no one could match him at that time.