Mo Zhai, the founder of Mohism, was born and died in an unknown year (about 468-376 BC). According to Sima Qian's historical records, "Beggars were doctors in the Song Dynasty. Be good at defense, in order to save money. Or when Confucius merged, or later. " Judging from Mo Zhai's life story, he lived a long life, about the fifth century BC, that is, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. He was born in Shandong (the exact location is disputed), and he is good at manufacturing motorcycles, military engineering and national defense. He is probably a craftsman or a layman, calling himself a "bitch". As for whether he has been a doctor, it has not been confirmed so far. As for Mo Zhai's scholarship, according to the introduction of Huai Nan Zi, it is possible for Mohist school to learn Confucianism and be influenced by Confucius. Confucianism founded by Kong Qiu flourished in Shandong, and Mo Zhai lived in Shandong for a long time and once entered Confucianism. However, he was dissatisfied with the cumbersome and disturbing "rites" of Confucianism and the vocal music inspired by string songs, disagreed with the rich burial and long mourning of Confucianism, and opposed the theory of destiny of Confucianism, thus establishing a new theory and gathering disciples to give lectures. His great disciple Bird Slip was also Confucius' favorite pupil, but later he realized that Confucianism was unexpected and turned to Mohism. There are 53 existing works of Mohism, which are the basic materials for studying Mohism and Mohism.

Mohism is not only a unique academic faction, but also a well-organized political group. Its concrete manifestation is that taking the "giant" as the leader and the source of disciples' advance and retreat are all subject to him and must not be violated. Mo Zhai is the first generation tycoon. It is said that "Mozi's 180 active servicemen can go through fire and water without dying." Mohists's remarkable feature is the spirit of never turning back for the purpose of the school.

At that time, Confucianism and Mohism were outstanding schools, with many disciples all over the country. But the class positions of the two factions are obviously different. Kong Qiu aims to maintain the rule of declining slave owners and nobles, while Zhai Mo reflects the requirements of the rising "agricultural workers", that is, small producers. Their interests are antagonistic, so the two factions are antagonistic. Because of the different positions of Confucianism and Mohism, social and political thoughts also run counter to each other. Confucianism advocates "differences in love" and Mohism advocates "universal love"; Confucianism believes in "fate" and Mohism believes in "non-fate"; Confucianism despises productive labor, while Mohism emphasizes that "those who are not poor in strength are not born"; Confucianism "thrives on ceremony", while Mohism is thrifty; Confucianism distinguishes between righteousness and benefit, while Mohism advocates "righteousness and benefit"; The motto of Confucianism is "If you are poor, you will be immune, and if you are successful, you will be immune", and the motto of Mohism is "Stick to your heels and benefit the world" and so on. Therefore, the educational thoughts and practices of these two schools also have their own characteristics.

The purpose and function of education: Mohist education is to cultivate "wise men" or "people who help others" and prepare for the responsibility of governing the country and benefiting the people. Mo Zhai believes that whether a saint or a part-time scholar is in power has a decisive influence on the rise and fall of a country. As a saint or part-time scholar, you must be able to "be honest with morality, argue with words, and know with Tao." Among these three virtues, virtue is the first, because "a scholar is learned, but his behavior is internal", which is quite similar to the Confucian view. However, Mohism emphasizes that "the powerful are sick and help others, the rich are willing to share with others, and the wise should teach others", which is different from Confucianism. Regarding speech, Mohism believes that whether the argument is reasonable, well-founded and convincing in the era of schools contending is related to the rise and fall of a school. Therefore, as a saint or part-time scholar, one must be eloquent and be able to publicize and transfer social atmosphere.

Educational content: Mo Zhai takes "all-embracing love" and "non-attacking" as his teaching, and at the same time attaches importance to the mastery of literature and history knowledge and the cultivation of logical thinking ability, as well as the teaching and learning of practical technology. Skating birds should learn the art of fighting and defense. Mo Zhai taught them strategies and tactics and the use of various weapons. The following article in "Preparing the City Gate" shows that Mo Zhai has a profound research on this technology. More importantly, Mo Zhai's teaching is not only about sitting, but also about walking. In order to realize the idea of self-destruction, he opposed the Chu king's attack on Song, and sent 300 disciples to help Song Shoudu, forcing the Chu king to stop the invasion plan.

After Mo Zhai's death, his later research succeeded him. At that time, the improvement of material production, the improvement of cultural level and the contention of a hundred schools of thought were also conducive to academic prosperity. Most of Mohist disciples are from "peasants and workers", and they have accumulated various experiences in class struggle and production struggle, and increased a lot of scientific knowledge such as classics, classics, classics, classics, lessons, etc. This is probably the crystallization of Mohist post-school discussion and debate in the contention of a hundred schools of thought, and continuous summary and improvement.

Teaching Thought: As for the source of knowledge, the classic says: "Know: smell, speak and be near." "On the Classics" is also interpreted as: "Know: spread it, smell it; The party does not hinder, say it; Look at your body and kiss. " That is to say, there are three sources of human knowledge: ① intimate knowledge, that is, knowledge gained from personal experience, can be divided into two types: "body view" that is, partial and "whole view" that is, comprehensive. (2) Knowing, that is, imparting knowledge, can be divided into "hearsay" and "personal news". (3) Speaking knowledge, that is, knowledge derived from reasoning, is not hindered by the local language. Among these three sources of knowledge, "pre-knowledge" and "pre-knowledge" in "pre-knowledge" are the basis of all knowledge. Because "intimate knowledge" can only know part of it, and "hearsay" is unreliable, we must attach importance to "speaking knowledge" and rely on the method of reasoning to pursue rational knowledge. This is a clear analysis of people's understanding of things.

Mo Zhai also put forward the famous "three tables" or "three methods" about the methods of understanding objective things and checking the correctness of understanding. He first put forward "there are three ways to speak" in Death, and then put forward "there are three ways to speak" in Michit and Death. The contents of the two are basically the same. Three tables or three methods are "those who have a foundation, those who are original and those who are useful." Mo Zhai believes that to judge whether things are right or wrong, it is necessary to demonstrate well-founded arguments. Originating from the ancient holy king is based on the historical experience of the ancient holy king. However, it is not enough to rely on the indirect experience of the ancients to prove it. To be "original", that is, "to examine the truth of people's eyes and ears", that is, to examine the direct experience of the broad masses of people's eyes and ears. The third table is "useful", "for what? Abolish criminal politics and look at the interests of the people of the country. " It is this statement or judging when it will be implemented as a policy decree depends on whether it is in the interests of the country and the people. These three tables or methods are Mohist criteria for judging things right or wrong and distinguishing knowledge from truth. This is also the logic of Mohism. Both Confucianism and Mohism stress logic. Confucius advocated "correcting the name", that is, judging right and wrong with "ceremony" as the standard; Mozi advocates the use of three forms: original, original and practical, that is, to test history, observe what people have seen and heard, and then examine whether the actual effect of government decrees is beneficial to the country and the people. In contrast, the Mohist method is more progressive.

Mohism attaches great importance to the development of thinking and the enlightenment of logical concepts. In order to argue with different schools or scholars and persuade "princes" not to do unjust things, it is necessary to debate their words to strengthen their persuasiveness. Therefore, Mo Zhai created some logical concepts, such as "category" and "reason", and demonstrated them by analogy and reason to maintain his argument. For example, the "king who is good at attacking and cutting" opposes "not attacking and cutting", citing Yu, Tang and Wei as holy kings who are engaged in attacking and cutting. When questioned with these examples, he replied, "I have not checked my words or anything, and I don't know why." He is not an attack, but a punishment. Here, Mo Zhai pointed out that "attack" and "punishment" are different concepts and should not be confused. Mo Zhai also ridiculed the Confucian way of answering questions with "repetition of the same language". Mo Zhai asked Confucianism, "Why are you happy?" Answer: "I am happy. Mo Zhai thinks this is equivalent to asking "Why a room?" ? "The answer is" a room is a room ". Explaining the same thing with the same thing is a typical definition error pointed out by logic. Only when the answer is to avoid the cold in winter and summer, and can distinguish between men and women, is the correct answer to the room. Because Mo Zhai attached importance to logical thinking and distinguished names from principles, it was not only used for demonstration, but also for teaching.

Mo Zhai is good at preaching. In addition to saying that he is a storyteller, he also draws on the experience of daily social life and industrial and agricultural production, either directly or as a metaphor. Concrete and vivid, can inspire disciples' thoughts, and is more easily accepted by others. For example, he used the metaphor of building a wall by division of labor to teach disciples to reason, storytellers to tell stories, and practitioners to do things, and then to achieve proper career. Another example is that two or three disciples asked Mo Zhai to learn shooting again. He thought it was too late for a national soldier to go to war and help others, and warned his disciples not to "learn" and "shoot" at the same time. These examples also show that Mo Zhai pays attention to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, which requires both students to teach in accordance with their aptitude and teachers to evaluate students' "ability" before teaching.