Psychology is a science that studies human psychological phenomena and their psychological functions and behavioral activities under their influence, taking into account outstanding theories and applications. The following is the development trend of contemporary psychology that I have compiled. Welcome to read it.
The contemporary trend of psychology development 1 Psychologists and bystanders who witnessed the peak of school debates in the 1920s once felt that the future of psychology was bleak. 1929 when the ninth international conference on psychology mentioned many camps, some people said that this was "one of the scandals of contemporary science". [1] (P385) In the 1970s, some people thought that "the history of modern psychology is not a record of scientific progress, but a retrogression of reason" and that "the whole western world has already faced a mental breakdown, and the retrogression of psychology is only a part of it". [2](P29) Near the end of the century, it was asserted that psychology had "disintegrated". [3](P20) Is the fact really that tragic? Really, as Li Hei said, did the repeated crises prove the mistake of optimism? [4] (P398-400) Standing at the beginning of the new century, looking forward to the future and looking back on the past, we can see how the basic situation of psychological evolution can be summarized only by phrases like "retrogression" and "disintegration"! Since the 1930s, there has been a situation of mutual absorption and infiltration among various factions. Especially after World War II, some original extreme theories were attacked more and more fiercely, and new ideas came into being. These thoughts no longer appear in the form of schools, but as a paradigm, trend or development trend to influence various fields of psychology. The momentum of confrontation and parting ways has greatly increased, and the trend of integration has never been stronger. The mental confusion of human beings has not been dragged down, but objectively provides a wonderful opportunity for pioneering and innovative psychology. Psychology has stood the test and kept growing in the process of development. We believe that the main crisis will eventually become a thing of the past. Because cognitive psychology represents the integration trend of contemporary psychological science, humanistic psychology has triggered a general response to actively pay attention to human nature, clinical psychology has contributed to the spirit of the times of integrating theory with practice, and dialectical materialism theory has pointed out the bright future of psychological development. This general trend shows that although there is a crisis in contemporary psychology, the prospect is not bleak.
1. Cognitive psychology represents the integration trend of contemporary psychological science.
Cognitive psychology appeared in the early 20th century, and JPiaget in Switzerland was an early representative. At the end of the 1940s, due to the rapid development of various sciences, the need for horizontal connection between sciences arose, which promoted the birth of information theory, cybernetics and system theory. The three theories have a far-reaching impact on contemporary psychology, especially cognitive psychology. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, there appeared a trend of studying cognitive process in the field of psychology, and a comprehensive cognitive theory system was formed in the fields of perception, memory, speech and problem solving. These theories regard man as an information processor, an active organism with rich internal resources and able to use these resources to interact with the surrounding environment. According to these theories, environmental factors are no longer the most prominent factors to explain behavior. Although the information provided by the environment is very important, it affects human behavior through the coding, storage and operation of the cognitive process that dominates external behavior. Then, according to RNHaber's point of view, to understand the cognitive process, it is necessary to carry out information processing analysis. [5] (P349) The publication of Uneisser's Cognitive Psychology (1967) marks the formal birth of contemporary cognitive psychology. In addition to the general research methods of applied psychology, contemporary cognitive psychology has also developed its own unique methods such as computer simulation. The basic idea of using this method is that if the computer and human beings operate in the same way in a certain job, then the program that guides the computer can explain how human beings accomplish this job well. That is to say, if a complex problem is solved by computer, then the computer problem-solving program may represent the thinking process of solving the same problem. Therefore, the application of this method can not only objectively describe some complex internal processes of human beings, thus promoting the development of psychology, but also promote the research of artificial intelligence and the development of computer technology. Contemporary cognitive psychology is developed in the struggle with some traditional psychological thoughts, but it is closely related to traditional psychology. It abandons an important concept of behaviorism, that is, only what can be directly observed can become the object of scientific research, but it also highly affirms behaviorism's emphasis on objective methods; It pays attention to the study of human intelligent behavior, so it is different from psychoanalysis, but it also acknowledges that there are some unconscious processes in human information processing, and studies these processes in an accurate and objective way. It is not satisfied with some fuzzy theories of Gestalt psychology, but it inherits the research achievements of Gestalt in the fields of perception, thinking and problem solving, and further enriches these achievements. Therefore, we say that cognitive psychology is not a narrow schools of psychology, but a new movement or direction, and its development represents a new trend of contemporary psychological integration.
Secondly, humanistic psychology has triggered a general response to the positive concern of human nature.
The formation of humanistic psychology is slightly earlier than cognitive psychology. Similar to cognitive psychology, humanistic psychology is not a strict school, but a combination of psychologists with the same or similar views. The main sponsors are Hamas Lowe, KGoldstein, allport, KHorney, EFromm, CRRogers, etc. Goldstein first put forward the theory of body potential and self-realization. Maslow combined this theory with his motivation theory, and put forward the hierarchy of needs theory with self-realization as the highest realm, holding that self-actualizers are the most valuable people in society. Rogers' egoism is another important theoretical pillar of self-realization. He believes that people have an inner "organic wisdom", which can distinguish those experiences that are beneficial or unfavorable to realize their potential. The key to promoting self-realization lies in establishing unconditional and sincere connections between people. Humanistic psychologists are different from modern traditional experimental psychology in main methods and basic viewpoints. They inherit the tradition of humanistic psychology, emphasize the particularity of psychological research, and advocate replacing factor analysis with overall analysis, replacing general law research with case study, or conducting general law research on the basis of case study. As far as methods are concerned, they have restored the tradition of early humanistic psychology and kept pace with the experimental tendency prevailing in the contemporary west. From the point of view, humanistic psychologists disagree with Freudian psychoanalysis and behaviorism, the two basic theories of traditional schools of psychology. They use psychological data to demonstrate human nature, think that human nature is good and destructiveness is caused by environmental influence, and oppose Freud's view that destructiveness is also classified as human nature. In the relationship between man and the environment, they emphasize that man did not come into this world with nothing. In the interaction with the environment, man is active, selective and creative, and opposes behaviorist environmental determinism. There is no doubt that humanistic psychologists are right to criticize traditional psychology for focusing only on the evil side of human nature. They spare no effort to expand the field of psychological research on healthy people, which has effectively promoted psychology to pay more attention to people's unique spiritual life. As Maslow said on the eve of his death, his theory is more in line with real life than what he got in the laboratory. [6](P470) We agree that in the laboratory and real life, the latter is where the theory really comes into play. The problem is that they have not fully faced up to the fact that human nature is actually the sum total of social relations based on egoism. Therefore, the theory of "self-realization" can only be a fantasy under capitalist conditions. Fortunately, due to the process of world integration and the general response of more psychologists in various countries, especially the historical inevitability that socialism will eventually replace capitalism, their outstanding contributions have really created a dynamic "third force" in psychology.
Third, clinical psychology has adapted to the objective requirements of human spiritual remolding.
The rapid development of clinical psychology has met the urgent need of human spiritual support. History has advanced to the present, and the ability of human beings to understand and transform nature has been fully proved. But Engels warned us not to be too intoxicated with our victory over nature. "Every time such a victory, nature will retaliate against us. Every victory did achieve our expected results in the first step, but it produced completely different and unexpected effects in the second and third steps. The first result was often cancelled. " [7](P5 17) Indeed, while creating advanced technology and countless material wealth, people are also suffering from retaliation from nature and facing greater threats while controlling and conquering nature. What is particularly serious is that in 1930s, the economic crisis swept the capitalist world, followed by World War II, followed by decades of long-term cold war. Today, the global economic, political, military and cultural conflicts are one after another, the pace of value evolution is accelerating, and the crisis of faith is becoming increasingly profound. In this case, although human beings have a profound understanding of their own physiological and pathological changes, except for a few cases such as cancer and AIDS, most diseases are within the scope of human control and treatment, but human beings have to pay more attention to the perfect development of self-psychology, including sound cognitive ability, moderate emotional response, strong will quality, harmonious personality structure and good interpersonal relationships. At this point, the conditions for a new qualitative leap in our understanding are finally ripe: we should care about both physical health and mental health, and pay more attention to the latter. So misfortune is a hotbed of thought. Due to the lack of close contact between psychology and real society for a long time, theoretical exploration and applied research are seriously out of touch. With the rapid development of society, people's psychological connotation is becoming richer and richer, and their spiritual needs are becoming more and more diverse, which makes psychology far from meeting people's high expectations for it. Therefore, facing the society, participating in life and vigorously strengthening the strength, breadth, depth and effectiveness of applied research have become an extremely important trend in the development of contemporary psychology. New achievements are constantly emerging in education, industry, military, justice, environment and other branches. Psychology is no longer a professional salon of pure theory, but develops rapidly in the direction of application. Applied psychology has involved all kinds of psychological problems of all classes and ages, and has become a concrete and operable guide to life. Clinical psychology, in particular, adapts to the objective requirements of social development and the remolding of human spirit, and the number of experts greatly exceeds that of other branches. Theoretical development and practical innovation are in the ascendant, and the vitality of life is increasingly prominent. As a great pioneer of psychotherapy and psychiatry, Freud's "talk therapy" has become the mainstream of clinical psychotherapy, and his classic view on psychological conflict has become the theoretical basis for computer simulation of human psychological process. Concepts such as anxiety, empathy, impedance and explanation are well known to psychotherapists. Although the development of psychoanalysis did not continue the dominant trend in the first half of the 20th century, the number of people studying and applying it has greatly increased, and the research field has been continuously broadened. In addition, there are other theories and methods in psychology to treat psychological disorders, such as behaviorism, humanism and cognitivism. , and formed many psychotherapy schools around each system. After decades of vigorous development, psychotherapy in the world today presents a prosperous scene. At the same time, the trend of integration, melting, being closer to life and adapting to social culture and psychological trends makes psychotherapy and consultation not only become a professional banner to guide people to return to their spiritual home, but also get continuous development, which promotes the new spirit of the times that the whole psychological theory and practice are increasingly combined. Fourthly, the development of psychology must be guided by dialectical materialism theory. Although contemporary psychology has made great achievements, it is still maturing, and it is not a strict and standardized science. [8] (P26-26) This is because so far, no school can become a recognized paradigm, no theory can run through people's entire psychological activities, and many concepts are simply borrowed from other disciplines. In particular, positivism and phenomenology, which are regarded as the standards of western psychology, have led to increasingly serious signs of decline and potential crisis, making it difficult to make a scientific summary of a large number of experimental results that have been obtained and will continue to be obtained, and to make a perfect explanation of a series of basic theoretical problems such as the nature of psychology. Excessive worship of scientism, biology, individualism, objectivism and experimentalism can only lead psychological science into a dead end, thus further strengthening the profound misunderstanding of human beings and intensifying "the loneliness and pain of human beings in contemporary society" [9] (P 14- 19). Blind imitation of natural science will inevitably lead to a serious disciplinary crisis. The object of psychological research is people, not things. It is an intermediate subject between natural science and social science, not a pure natural science, so it is difficult to take this road of natural science. Moreover, the western science worshipped by psychology is not a complete science. Due to the dualistic philosophical tradition and mechanistic cosmology, especially the one-sided application of capitalist science and technology model, contemporary mainstream science has embarked on a narrow road of betraying humanistic spirit, and its understanding of human nature has become more and more fragmented and distorted. So it is inevitable to have a general reflection. Facts show that psychological research must fully establish the guiding position of dialectical materialism theory, correctly adhere to the basic principles of objectivity, systematicness, development and dialectics, and organically combine various specific methods and technologies, general scientific methodology and philosophical methodology. Only in this way can we break through the predicament and promote the healthy development of the discipline. It is gratifying that psychologists who believe in Marxism in many countries such as the former Soviet Union and Russia have made unremitting efforts to guide psychological research with dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Even in some western countries, academic groups have emerged to study the psychological thoughts of Marx, Engels and Lenin. French dialectical materialism psychology has developed rapidly and achieved good results. American contemporary psychology, which is constantly developing in the bipolar opposition, provides a broad space for the growth and expansion of its dialectical psychology. Psychology is troubled by the ghost of scientific dialectics. [2](P28) It is particularly important that with the all-round rise of China, the vast number of psychologists in China have long adhered to the practice of psychological transformation and construction guided by dialectical materialism, which will surely achieve great success in continuous progress. Although dialectical materialist psychology has not yet occupied the so-called mainstream in the contemporary world, and has not yet formed a strong school (its basic purpose is not to form a school) and a strict theoretical system, it has become an irreversible historical necessity to gain a dominant position because of the objective correctness of its basic core. Because of this, the breakthrough and innovation of psychology are more promising and the prospects are very bright.
The contemporary trend of psychology development Part II I. The development direction of higher vocational education psychology
1. Broaden the research system of educational psychology. From the development of educational psychology, it is a comprehensive development and combination of psychology and pedagogy, and it is an innovative road. Educational psychology is based on today's educational thoughts, integrating experience and practice, helping teaching management and deepening teaching process. From the perspective of future development, the research object of educational psychology will no longer be limited to students, teachers, teaching space and environment, but also include the psychological state between teachers and teaching. Through the study of teaching contents and objects, we can promote the teaching activities to be more in-depth and specific. At the same time, as a special field of educational psychology, higher vocational colleges should make educational psychology play a greater role in higher vocational colleges, which is also the development direction of higher vocational educational psychology in the future. In order to make educational psychology a more systematic and sound structure, we must organically combine the theory and practice of educational psychology, and carry out targeted teaching design according to the teaching characteristics of higher vocational colleges, so that educational psychology and teaching in higher vocational colleges can interact and penetrate each other. Therefore, in practical work, we must proceed from the actual situation of higher vocational colleges and constantly promote and improve the teaching structure and system of higher vocational colleges in the process of broadening the structural system of educational psychology.
2. Combine practice with theory to deepen the education process.
2. 1 The training course has been deepened. In higher vocational education, the main purpose is to make students become professionals through teaching activities and training. Therefore, in the teaching activities of higher vocational colleges, we must constantly improve educational psychology according to the teaching activities and psychological research results. In practical work, educational psychology can carry out corresponding teaching activities according to students' psychological and age characteristics, and at the same time, it can promote the relationship between teachers and students and make the relationship between teachers and students more harmonious. In addition, another important feature of higher vocational colleges is that students must be oriented and professional. Therefore, in the teaching process, we must attach importance to practical courses, arrange practical courses and theoretical courses in a correct proportion, so as to consolidate the professional foundation of theory, and constantly consolidate or improve relevant knowledge in the course practice, and encourage students to apply relevant knowledge to teaching practice. In the course practice, we should always put the focus of teaching and learning on the basis of promoting the research and development of educational psychology, and change the traditional teaching method with teachers as the teaching center and students as the teaching subject, which is also the process of making students better integrate into the course.
2.2 Theory guides practice. In the teaching of higher vocational colleges, practical training occupies a large proportion in teaching, which is not only conducive to the cultivation of professional talents in schools, but also plays an important role in cultivating characteristic talents. Therefore, in the course teaching, the course must be regarded as the basis and guarantee of practice, so as to promote the smooth development of the teaching process. In the course practice, by adding psychological education in the teaching process, students can truly realize the significance of course practice and knowledge application. Only in this way can students be more interested in what they have learned and accept it better. Therefore, higher vocational colleges should regard the teaching process as a process of positive thinking and learning, so that students can think actively in the learning process, thus better combining professionalism and flexibility.
2.3 Theory and moral education permeate each other. From the perspective of modern teaching, moral education is an important part of teaching in every university, and it also plays an important role in higher vocational colleges. Therefore, it is of great significance to infiltrate moral education into educational psychology, which can not only ensure students' literacy, but also meet the requirements of the times. Combining moral education with educational psychology can not only coordinate the relationship between teachers and students, but also stimulate students' internal motivation and help students develop good humanistic quality. As a step-by-step process, it requires teachers to give full play to students' main role in the teaching process, and constantly infiltrate moral education and psychological education, so as to promote the better development of higher vocational colleges.
Two. conclusion
Judging from the current development situation, the introduction of educational psychology into higher vocational education has a good development prospect and an important impact on improving teaching quality. Therefore, in practical work, we must increase the application of educational psychology in influence research, constantly improve the implementation process from all aspects, improve students' innovative thinking, and ensure the overall level of education and teaching.
The development trend of contemporary psychology 3 Abstract: Traditional psychological research usually studies people's negative emotions, that is, studies the more negative parts of people's psychology, and then treats people's psychological diseases and solves psychological problems by understanding these factors. But in fact, many people who don't have mental illness also lack happiness, and the research of traditional psychology is relatively lacking in this part. The research of positive psychology has changed this situation. By studying some positive factors inside people and stimulating and applying these factors, people's cognition of life can be changed and people's happiness and quality of life can be improved. The significance of positive psychology expands the research object of psychology, extends the research methods of psychology, updates the research objectives of psychology and promotes the understanding of healthy mentality, so the research of positive psychology is of great significance in today's psychology.
Keywords: positive psychology; Psychological research; development trends
In previous psychological research, it is very important for psychological researchers to study negative psychological factors. It has long been a consensus in the field of psychology to help patients solve their psychological problems by discovering the negative factors contained in people. Positive psychology has broken the traditional psychological research methods and research objects. Positive psychology is to study people's internal positive psychological factors, and make good use of these positive factors to make people get a higher sense of happiness, thus promoting the improvement of people's spiritual living standards and ensuring social harmony. Compared with the traditional psychological research, the development time of positive psychology is relatively short and there is still a long way to go in the future. The study of positive psychology has far-reaching significance for individuals and society.
I. Background of Positive Psychology
The study of positive psychology first came into being in 1930s. At that time, Tuimeng studied the happiness of marriage, while Jung studied the meaning of life, and then it came to a halt with the outbreak of World War II. In 1950s and 1960s, psychologists Maslow, Rogers and other humanists began to study the more positive part of human nature, subverting the cognition of traditional psychology and having a far-reaching impact on the theory of modern psychology. However, the study of negative factors that have a significant impact on life is still the main direction of psychological research, even in the current background, this has not changed.
In the 1990s, people began to study the defense of mental illness, not just the treatment. This requires us to improve our resistance to negative things in life by discovering people's internal positive factors on the basis of the original study of psychological negative factors, so as to prevent the occurrence of psychological diseases. Therefore, psychologists can prevent and treat mental illness by studying people's inner strong optimism, enhance people's confidence in life, enhance people's happiness in life, and ensure people's happiness in life and social harmony.
Second, the significance of positive psychology
Positive psychology is an extension of traditional psychology and a subversion. It extends the research scope to the positive side of human nature, no longer only focusing on the study of pessimistic negative factors, but also changes the traditional cognition that mental illness is only related to negative factors. It is a major breakthrough in the study of human psychology and has far-reaching significance.
1. Expanded the research object of psychology.
In the past century, the research mode of negative psychology determined by pessimistic view of human nature has occupied a dominant position. After World War II, psychologists focused their research on negative psychology, trying to solve the huge psychological harm caused by the war. But this kind of negative psychology deviates from the main mission of psychology, and there is no way to make people live more meaningfully and happily. The research of positive psychology has changed this situation and broken people's cognition of traditional psychology. Positive psychology is a subject that studies people's inner positive mentality. Some conflicting parts of people's psychology will lead to psychological problems, but at the same time they also have the ability to self-repair, self-repair and prevention through positive factors. Therefore, positive psychology is committed to studying people's positive emotions, creativity and other issues, and through the stimulation of these factors to prevent the occurrence of mental illness, bring happiness and satisfaction to people.
2. Developed the research methods of psychology.
The research methods of positive psychology are related to the research methods of western mainstream psychology, which are found, discussed and studied on the basis of these psychological studies, bringing new research methods to traditional psychology. At the same time, positive psychology also draws lessons from the research methods of humanistic psychology, learns and inherits some advantages of qualitative research, absorbs some advantages of these studies, and constantly improves and innovates, resulting in some new research methods and constantly perfecting psychological research. And highlight the unity of humanistic spirit and science and technology, and apply more advanced technology to the research of psychology, so that the research methods of psychology are further improved, and the whole field of psychological research becomes more inclusive and more conducive to psychological research.
3. Changed the research goal of psychology
In the past, the purpose of psychological research was to treat mental illness, make people get rid of negative and pessimistic attitude and restore normal mentality. This is medical research. The purpose of positive psychology is to study the positive factors in people's lives, guide them appropriately and bring people greater happiness. It can be said that the research of positive psychology is ahead of traditional psychology and is a more active research content. In life, many people without mental illness may not be happy. Therefore, the purpose of psychology is not only to eliminate psychological diseases, but to prevent and treat psychological problems through the guidance of these positive factors before they occur, so as to bring more positive attitudes and beliefs to people's lives, thereby enhancing people's confidence in life, enhancing their perception of happiness, ensuring people's quality of life, promoting social harmony, and enabling ordinary people to enjoy the beauty of life without problems.
Third, the development trend of positive psychology
So far, the research of positive psychology is still immature, and there are still many problems to be solved. Its future development trends are: first, expand and deepen the research field of positive psychology, further expand within the existing scope of positive psychology, and conduct more research on positive psychological experience; The second is to develop the research technology of positive psychology. At present, the research technology of psychology is mainly aimed at the research of traditional psychology. On this basis, we should further develop the research technology specifically aimed at positive psychology to ensure a new breakthrough in the research of positive psychology. The third is to promote the application of positive psychology, starting from people's daily life practice, bring the research results of positive psychology into people's lives, make good use of them, and bring better experience to people's lives through the application of research results, thus enhancing people's happiness in life.
Four. Concluding remarks
Positive psychology, like traditional psychology, has a great influence on people's lives, which is of great significance to stimulate people's potential positive psychology and enhance people's happiness. In the future, the research scope of positive psychology will be further expanded, the research level will be further improved, and it will be gradually applied to people's daily life to contribute to people's happiness and social harmony.
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