1840 The Opium War opened the curtain of China's modern history. The imperialists' strong guns destroyed the people's health in China and dealt a heavy blow to China's thought of defending the country. When people seek answers from the anti-awakening of national backwardness, people begin to pay attention to practicality, practical knowledge aimed at material production, science and the cultivation of artistic talents in the form of art education for westernization.
Modern school education is produced to meet the needs of science and industry. 1866, Zuo set up Mawei Ship Administration Bureau in Fuzhou, which included Ship Administration School. Its teaching subjects include mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy and geology, as well as painting. 1867 set up Mawei Painting Academy to train drawing professionals. Subsequently, more and more new schools provided pictures (drawings).
Liangjiang Normal School (formerly known as Sanjiang Normal School) was founded by China modern education activist Zhang Zhidong on 1902 (officially opened in 1904), and it is one of the earliest normal schools in China. Drawing has become a compulsory course in the course. 1906, Li Ruiqing, the school supervisor (principal), was invited to play and founded China Normal University 1 Department of Art-Department of Painting and Handicraft. "The main course is painting and handicraft, and music is a minor course. Let's talk about pictures, such as western paintings (pencils, charcoal pens, watercolor oil paintings), Chinese paintings (landscapes, flowers), instrumental paintings (flat and three-dimensional), patterns, etc. " The art education system of capitalist countries is adopted in the course of picture handicraft, which is comprehensive and complete, highlighting the characteristics of art normal education. The courses offered in the course of picture arts and crafts are: education-oriented; Painting and handicraft are the main subjects; Music is a minor subject; Chinese, English, Japanese, history, geography, mathematics and gymnastics are minor subjects. Students must pass the liberal arts general courses in the preparatory course before they can enter the painting and handicraft courses.
Since then, Baoding Excellent Normal School, Zhejiang Second Normal School, Guangdong Excellent Normal School and National Nanjing Normal School have also set up painting manual classes. After the Revolution of 1911, some old normal schools, such as Beijing Normal University, Beijing Women's Normal University, Chengdu Normal University, Tongzhou Normal University, etc., have successively set up specialized courses in painting and handcraft.
During the period of 1852, "Tushanwan Painting Garden" was attached to Shanghai Xujiahui Catholic Church. The painting gallery is a part of the craft workshop, but it mainly trains religious painting talents for Catholicism. The students are Catholics in China and the teachers are French missionaries. Teaching adopts apprenticeship system, including pen drawing, sketch, pencil drawing, pen drawing, watercolor painting and oil painting. And the class assignments are mainly copying and copying. 1907 Gallery also published books such as Introduction to Painting and Sticker for Pencil Painting, which had a great influence, promoted China's art education and the spread of western painting in China, and trained a group of influential western painters for modern art in China, and was called the cradle of western painting in China by Mr. Xu Beihong.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, some intellectuals who were interested in art education began to try new art teaching methods, and imitated the art education systems in Japan and Europe and America to compile and publish "art textbooks". Yu Fu's "Civilized Bookstore" 1902 published a set of primary education textbooks, including 5 new paintings, 4 pencil paintings and 3 pencil paintings written by Ding. The Commercial Press also published 8 volumes of Pencil Painting for Middle School compiled and drawn by Xu Yongqing, which played an important role in the popularization of new art education in China.
1902 (in the 28th year of Guangxu), Zhang Baixi, the minister of administration, drafted the school charter on the basis of the report of others' visit to Japan, and promulgated it on August 15 of the same year, that is, the imperial school charter, also known as "non-Yin academic system". This is the first modern school system promulgated by the state in China. Although it has been published, it has not been published.
1904, Cecilia Cheung, Zhang Zhidong and Rong Qing cooperated to revise the Constitution of Qin Ding School, which was officially promulgated by the Qing government on 1904 (the last year of Guimao in the lunar calendar), and was called "Guimao academic system" in history. It is the first complete modern school system promulgated by law and formally implemented in China. It has made detailed provisions on the national school education system, curriculum, education administration and school management.
"Guimao Academic System" separates the "foster families" in pre-school education from the academic system, and divides primary schools into three grades and six periods. Among them, the first is primary education, which is divided into two parts: primary school hall (five-year schooling system) and higher primary school hall (four-year schooling system); The second is secondary education, with a period of secondary school (5 years); Third, higher education, which is divided into three sections, has initially established a national education system with general education, normal education and industrial education as its three pillars.
Under the philosophy of "taking middle school as the body and western learning as the application", the constitution of the Conservatory of Music decides:
"Painting" and "Handicraft" in primary schools are listed as additional subjects of "elective subjects". Among them, the teaching purpose of primary school painting class is to let students practice their hands and eyes to cultivate their temperament of seeing things carefully and remembering actual images. The purpose of handicraft teaching is to let students "practice their hands and eyes, make simple things and form the habit of hard work". "Painting" is a compulsory course for senior primary school students, with 2 class hours per week, and "Handicraft" is listed as a part-time subject. Among them, the purpose of painting teaching in senior grades of primary schools is to let students "observe the body and the present", and through teaching, to achieve "practice applicable skills, make their minds careful and help them feel happy". The purpose of handicraft teaching is to make students "make simple things and form the habit of using their brains".
Painting is a compulsory course in middle schools, with a weekly 1 class, with a total of 4 academic years. The purpose of painting teaching in middle school is "learners should teach themselves to draw pictures on physical models, so that they can practice artists, and also talk about the essentials of drawing with instruments, so as to prepare for drawing maps and machine drawings in the future, and emphasize the preliminary foundation of various industries".
It can be seen from the regulations of Music and Crafts College that the purpose of offering painting and crafts courses is to "cultivate students' attention to things and memory of actual images", "cultivate good diligence and hard work spirit" and "cultivate practical skills". After graduation, the training "prepares for drawing maps and machine drawings in the future, and stresses the preliminary foundation of various industries".
In order to meet the needs of the educational system reform, in 1906, painting and handicraft departments were added to Li Ruiqing Normal School and Liangjiang Excellent Normal School, which was the earliest fine arts department in modern China. Painting and handicraft take education, painting and handicraft as the main courses, and music and culture as the secondary courses. Pictures include Chinese and western paintings, geometric paintings and projection paintings; Handwork includes paper joinery, clay joinery, gypsum, bamboo, wood and other arts and crafts. The first batch of art teachers were trained for China, among which Wang, Shen Xiqiao, Jiang Danshu, Li Cunxu and Wu Gaiting became the first batch of famous art educators in China.
The "Guimao academic system" in the late Qing Dynasty is a milestone in the history of education in China. China education began to get rid of self-isolation, and integrated into the tide of world education development, which laid the position of pictures and handicrafts in school education.
Modern art education in China in the late Qing Dynasty, due to the emphasis on science and material culture, the part of art education that was originally ignored by us quickly appeared in educational institutions at all levels in China, forming a situation of synchronous development with art education. At this point, the pattern of modern art education in China was formally formed. It also laid the foundation for the coexistence of modern art academy and arts and crafts academy, painting and crafts in basic education, and painters and arts and crafts masters in society.
Art education in the early years of the Republic of China
19 1 1 year, the Republic of China was founded, which was an unprecedented significant progress. It not only marks the transformation from feudal monarchy to new democratic republic for more than two thousand years, but also greatly promotes the process of educational modernization and brings vitality to art education.
From 65438 to 0906, Mr. Wang Guowei advocated aesthetic education in China, and proposed that aesthetic education should replace the religious vacancy in China. The so-called "artist is the religion of the upper class". 1907, Mr. Cai Yuanpei shouted: "replace religion with aesthetic education." Mr. Lu Xun also strongly advocated aesthetic education in 1907 and 19 12, combining aesthetic education with artistic creation, hoping to advocate aesthetic education and spread religion through art.
1912 65438+10.9, the Central Ministry of Education was established, with Cai Yuanpei as the first education chief. 19 10/9 The Ministry of Education issued a general order on the interim measures for general education. 10 In July, under the auspices of Cai Yuanpei, the Central Provisional Education Conference of the Republic of China was held, and the basic framework of education in the Republic of China was determined. On September 3, the first "Academic System Order" of the Republic of China was promulgated. Because 19 12 is the year of renzi in the lunar calendar, it is called "renzi academic system" in history. Later, during the period of 19 13, many decrees were promulgated, which were collectively called "the academic system of' Renzi-Guichou'".
The new school system divides the whole school system into three grades and five sections, including general education, primary school and primary school for four years. Children enter school at the age of six and are compulsory in the country. After graduation, they can go to higher primary schools or industrial schools. Higher primary schools have a schooling system of 3 years, and can be promoted to middle schools and normal schools after graduation; The secondary school lasts for 4 years, and after graduation, it can be promoted to a university or a junior college or a higher normal school. This school system has been used for 10 years, which is a milestone in the history of China's school system.
19 12 In September, the Ministry of Education issued a primary school order, stipulating: "The subjects taught in primary schools are self-cultivation, Chinese, arithmetic, handicrafts, painting, singing and gymnastics; Women will learn to sew extra. " "The subjects taught in primary and secondary schools are self-cultivation, Chinese, arithmetic, national history, geography, science, handicrafts, pictures, singing and gymnastics; Men take agricultural classes and women take sewing classes. "
19 1210/In June, the Ministry of Education promulgated the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Middle School Order, which stipulated: "The subjects to be studied in middle schools are cultivation, Chinese, foreign languages, history, geography, mathematics, physics, chemistry, legal system, economy, painting. He also believes that the main purpose of the painting class is: "Let's examine objects carefully, paint freely, practice artisans and cultivate aesthetic feeling. "The essence of handicraft class:" Practice skills, make simple things, and form interesting and diligent habits. "It is also stipulated that 1-3 school year, painting class is 1 class hour per week, and the fourth school year has 2 class hours per week. What you have learned is that you can draw freely and use tools. Self-painting is mainly based on sketching, and the method of temporary painting is given; Use tool painting as a gift to geometric painting. Handicraft course in the fourth academic year every week 1 class hour. The contents of the study include: modeling with natural objects, simple daily utensils and various fine works, showing the properties of materials and the preservation methods of tools. Handicraft in girls' middle schools is mainly weaving, embroidery, picking cotton and making flowers. Art education in the early Republic of China proposed to cultivate students' aesthetic ability of "cultivating their aesthetic feeling" and "preserving their aesthetic feeling". It can be seen that the aesthetic function in art education has been paid attention to in school education in the early years of the Republic of China. Under the advocacy of Mr. Cai Yuanpei and others, the concept of art education has shifted from paying too much attention to the cultivation of "skills" to the direction of "art".
Mr. Cai Yuanpei not only comprehensively and profoundly put forward the national education thought of combining aesthetic education with world outlook education in theory, but also cared for aesthetic education groups and schools.
In order to meet the needs of industrial and commercial development, private art schools have flourished.
From 65438 to 0909, Glory founded Chinese and Western art schools and set up painting workshops to teach western painting techniques. Wu, Liu Haisu and Zhang studied painting here. Later, the Chinese and Western Art School was renamed China Art School, which was the beginning of China's study of western art education. This is the first private art school in China.
19 10 the science and education law compiled by China people was officially published.
19 1 1 year, Wu and Liu Haisu founded the Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts. In 192 1 year, it was renamed the Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts. In 192 1 year, it was changed to the Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts. This is the modern art in China.
On April 19 12, 1 day, Zhejiang Normal School (now Zhejiang University) resumed classes. In the autumn of the same year, the School of Painting and Handicraft was established in Normal University, with a schooling of 3 years. At that time, the teachers were Fan, Jiang Danshu and others. In the following years, a large number of schools featuring art education or schools offering art education courses emerged.
19 15 National Beijing Normal University (now Beijing Normal University) offered a three-year manual painting course, with teachers including Li, Li, Ding Yin (USA) and so on.
19 15 National Nanjing Normal University (now Nanjing Normal University) offered a three-year picture handicraft course;
1918 April 15, at the initiative of Cai Yuanpei, the National Jingshi Academy of Fine Arts (now the Central Academy of Fine Arts) was established, with Zheng Jin as the first president. This is the first National Academy of Fine Arts in China.
Art Education from the May 4th Movement to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
19 19 after the may 4th movement, the China revolution entered the stage of new-democratic revolution. Under the impetus of the New Culture Movement, education has undergone many reforms. There has been an upsurge of learning from the west in the field of education, and the object of learning has shifted from Japan and Germany to the United States.
On May 19 19, American educator Dewey gave a lecture in China. In China for more than two years, accompanied by Hu Shi and Tao Xingzhi, he gave 70 speeches in 1 1 province. Dewey advocated pragmatism in philosophy and education, which opened a window for China to experimental science and modern civilization. Under the influence of the New Culture Movement and the efforts of several generations, such as Mr. Cai Yuanpei, the school art education from May 4th to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression drew lessons from the successful experience of contemporary western developed countries, and introduced some new ideas in western art, such as chromatics, perspective, anatomy, coloring, shading and so on, as well as design and craft making, into primary and secondary school art education, which popularized art education and created "skills".