Thinking good and seeking good is enough to praise (ǒ u), but not enough to move the public. It is wise and far away, enough to move the public, not enough to turn the people. If a gentleman wants to turn people into customs, he must learn it.
Foresight and looking for good people can win some good reputation, but it is not inspiring. If Corporal Lixian is close to those who are alienated from him, he can inspire the people, but he can't influence and educate them yet. If you want to influence and educate people and develop good manners and customs, you must go through school education.
Jade is not cut, not a tool; People don't learn or know. He is a citizen of the ancient king, and teaching is the first. "yuè said Life" says: "Reading begins with learning", which is what it means!
Although jade is beautiful, it cannot be made into exquisite jade without carving; People who are gifted but don't study can't understand the supreme Tao. Therefore, the ancient kings took education as their primary task when building their country and ruling their people. "Shangshu" said: "A gentleman should always remember to take education as the foundation", that's what it means!
Although there is delicious food, I don't know its purpose; Although there is supreme Tao, learning, I don't know its goodness. It is to learn and then know the deficiency, and to teach and then know the difficulty. If you don't know enough, then you can reverse; Advance despite difficulties, and then strive for self-improvement. So teaching and learning are also beneficial. "Duiming" says: "Learn half and learn half", which means nothing!
Although there are delicious dishes, you don't know their delicacy if you don't eat them; Although there is a profound truth, if you don't study, you won't know its benefits. Therefore, people must go to school to know their own shortcomings and deficiencies, and teachers must personally experience the teaching process to deeply feel their ignorance and confusion. Only by asking scholars to know enough can they reflect on themselves and study harder; When teachers are confused, they will study hard, pursue diligently and strive for self-improvement. Therefore, teaching and learning promote each other and complement each other. Therefore, the article "Shangshu Duiming" said: "The teaching process is half in the' teacher's teaching' and half in the' student's learning', which is what it means.
In ancient times, teachers had schools at home, which were itchy, orderly and state-owned. Admission the following year, middle-aged exam. One year, depending on the debate; Three years, by respecting music groups; For five years, I studied as a teacher; Seven years, learning from friends by theory; Call it a small success. Nine years of knowledge mastery, strong and not returning, is called great achievement. Husband is enough to change customs, and those who are near say that those who are far away are pregnant, which is also the way of university. Remember: "moths to the fire" means this!
In ancient times, every twenty-five "Lv" schools were called "Shu", each "Party" had its own school called "Dong", each "Shu" had its own school called "Xu", and the university was located in the country of the emperor or prince. Students can enter the school every year and have to take an examination of their academic performance every other year. In the first year, I will examine and analyze the ability of the text and sentences of the article, and identify and decide my own ambitions and interests; In the third year, we will examine whether we can concentrate on our studies, make friends, live in harmony and learn from each other. In the fifth year, whether students have extensive knowledge and can respect teachers; In the seventh year, we will investigate whether we can discuss the pros and cons of our studies and choose talented people as friends. Those who pass are all small grades. By the ninth year, they should have reached the goal of knowing a little about knowledge. Have independent opinions on theoretical matters, have a code of conduct in dealing with the world, stand firm and never lose the teacher's teaching; At this time, it can be called a great achievement. In this way, it is enough to educate the people, change old habits and form good customs in the future; Let the close people be convinced, and the distant people yearn for it; This is what college teaches people. Ancient books say that ant larvae always follow the example of big ants, and scholars have become a road by accumulating knowledge, which just shows that people who study should do the same and make unremitting efforts for the truth of "Dacheng".
At the beginning of university teaching, Bi àn and sacrificial plates were used to show respect for Taoism. The third edition of Xiao Ya is the official beginning. Sun also enrolled in school. Xia and Chu, accept their prestige. Don't know the truth, don't look at your studies, and travel to be ambitious. Watch the time to talk and keep your heart. Young people listen and ask, but they can't learn (liè). These seven things are related to teaching. Remember: "Learning to be excellent is to be an official, to be an official first, and to be a scholar first", that's what it means.
At the beginning of college entrance, we should wear formal clothes, prepare sacrifices and hold ceremonies to honor sages and teachers with moral knowledge to show respect for teachers and morality. When offering sacrifices, we should recite the text, so that students can get the feeling of mutual encouragement from the beginning and know the truth of being an official. When students go to school, they should open their books according to the drums, and the police should respect their profession with the drums. The school is equipped with teaching staff (Xia Yuan and Chu Fang) to prevent idleness, rectify manners and maintain study discipline. After the summer vacation, the instructor doesn't go to school to check the students' grades, so that students can study calmly according to their own interest plans. Teachers should always check and give directions to students, but don't tell them the principles in a hurry, so that students can have a desire for knowledge from the heart and develop the habit of thinking independently and attentively. Young students should only listen to their elders' questions, but not ask them, because their knowledge level is different and their learning focus is different, so they must step by step and not surpass them. These seven things are the basic program of university education. The ancient book says, "As far as teaching is concerned, the responsibility of teachers lies in their due diligence first, and the responsibility of students lies in their determination first", which is the truth.
Teaching in universities is also timely. Teaching should have a proper career and retirement should have a home. Learning: If you don't learn to hold the string, you can't play it well. If you don't learn bo yi, you can't learn poetry; You can't be polite if you don't learn miscellaneous clothes; If you don't like your art, you can't enjoy learning. Therefore, a gentleman is learning, hiding and practicing, and traveling at rest. My husband is born, so I learn from him and kiss his teacher, and I enjoy my friend very much and believe in his way, so although I leave my teacher, I have no objection. "Saving Life" said: "To Sun Wuzhi's agility, we can learn from it".
The methods of university education management include: teaching regular courses at a certain time or season; There should also be all kinds of homework between classes. If you don't manipulate musical instruments and practice your fingers after class, you won't be able to tune the strings well in class; If you don't learn to sing miscellaneous songs extensively outside class, you can't be familiar with poetry in class; You can't learn good manners if you don't learn to sweep the floor, receive goods or handle chores after class. In a word, if you don't advocate learning various skills after class, students will not be happy to learn and will not do well in the main course. Therefore, people who are good at learning devote themselves to their studies when they are studying, and like to play acrobatics when they are at rest. In this way, they can love learning, be close to teachers, be willing to make friends, stick to their beliefs, and leave teachers and friends in the future without violating their teaching and expectations. It is for this reason that "only by attaching importance to learning, step by step, and agile efforts can we achieve something in learning".
Nowadays, teachers moan that they have taken the bottom, talk too much, and then ignore their own safety. People can't help but be sincere and try their best. What it does is the opposite, and what it seeks is Buddha. However, if you are a husband, you will learn from him and get sick from his teacher. You will suffer from his difficulties and not know his benefits. Although it will end in a career, it will go quickly. Teaching is not punishment, that is why!
Nowadays, teachers only know how to read according to the text, and most of them ask some difficult questions, and they speak quickly and frequently. Teaching only according to their own teaching methods, whether students understand and accept it or not, can not make students feel at ease and enjoy learning. In this way, students can't study as hard as they can, and their quality and talents can't be fully developed. Teachers violate teaching principles and adopt unreasonable teaching methods, so students can't make progress according to natural laws. As a result, students hate studying and resent their teachers. They only feel that learning is miserable, but they don't know that learning can benefit them for life. Even if you barely graduate, you will soon forget all about it. This is the reason why teaching is invalid!
University law: it is forbidden to call it surplus before it is done. When it can be called, it is called the grandson, and it is called Mo. These four things are all taught by Xing Jiao.
The principle of university education is to nip in the bud, which is called nip in the bud; At the right time, call it timely education, and lose no time; Step-by-step teaching does not exceed the age characteristics of students, which is called conforming to nature; Learning together, helping each other and learning from each other's strengths is called observational learning. These four points are the key to the success of education.
If you ban it, you will be at a loss. If you study outside your time, you will work hard and it will be difficult to achieve. No grandchildren, messy and untidy. Studying alone without friends is ignorance. Yan Peng rebelled against his teacher, and Yan Bi abandoned school. What these six teachers taught was abandoned.
If we wait until something happens to prohibit it, the habit is deeply rooted, and then we go to education, there will be contradictions and it will be difficult to eliminate them. If you miss the best opportunity to study, it will be difficult for you to study effectively. If the teaching is eager for quick success and instant benefit, or chaotic, rather than gradual and natural, then the teaching will fall into chaos and fail to achieve results. If a person studies without friends, his thoughts will be narrow and his knowledge will not be wide. If you make friends carelessly, your behavior will go against the teacher's teaching, and if you say something indecent, you will waste your studies. These six points are the reasons for the failure of education.
A gentleman knows both teaching and being taught, and then he can be a teacher. Therefore, the gentleman's teaching metaphor is also, Tao is modest, strong and restrained, and open. Tao leads to harmony, strength leads to restraint and opening leads to thinking. Harmony with Louise is a good metaphor.
Only when teachers understand the reasons for the success and failure of education can they be competent for their own work. Therefore, the teaching of excellent teachers is to be persuasive: guide students, not drag them away; Encourage students, not force them to go; Inspire students, not draw conclusions instead of students. Only by guiding students rather than leading them can the relationship between teachers and students be harmonious; Encourage students without forcing them, and learning will feel smooth and relaxed; Only by inspiring students to draw conclusions, rather than taking their place, can students think independently. Teachers and students are harmonious and study smoothly. Students can think independently and be good at induction.
Scholars have four mistakes, and teachers must know them. People learn too much, or lose too little, or lose too easily, or stop. These four hearts are different. Know his heart, and then you can recover his loss. Teachers should also learn to be good and save the lost. A good singer will make people follow his voice. A good teacher will make people follow their ambitions. His words are also true, but they are subtle and difficult to compare, which can be described as following the crowd.
Students have four kinds of shortcomings, which teachers can't help but know. In learning, some students' failure is greed; The failure of some students is that they learn too little and are ignorant; The disadvantage of some students is that they have a little knowledge and don't ask for a very good solution; The shortcoming of some students is that they quit for fear of difficulties and give up halfway. These four shortcomings are rooted in students' different psychology and talents. Therefore, we must understand students' psychology and talent in order to correct their shortcomings. As a teacher, we should be good at grasping students' psychological characteristics, developing their advantages and overcoming their shortcomings. A good singer can make people sing along with him naturally; Similarly, an excellent teacher can make students follow him voluntarily. His explanation is simple and thorough, subtle and appropriate. Although there are not many examples and metaphors, they can explain the problem and make students follow him voluntarily.
A gentleman knows the difficulty of learning, knows its beauty and evil, and then can be metaphorical; It can be a metaphor, then it can be a teacher; Can be a teacher, and then can be long; Can grow, and then can be king. Therefore, teachers are also teachers, so learning to be a gentleman is also a reason to choose teachers. Remember: "Three kings and four generations are only their teachers", that's what it means!
Only when teachers know that students have different levels and qualifications can they be induced in many ways and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. Bo refers to a wide range, which means induction, enlightenment and education. Only those who are good at inducing in many ways and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude can become teachers. Only when you can be a teacher can you be an official, and only when you can be an official can you be king. Therefore, teachers can teach people how to "govern the country" and "level the world". It can be seen that you can't choose a teacher without being careful. The ancient book says: "The first three kings and four generations paid the most attention to the choice of teachers' quality", which is the truth!
For a strict teacher, any learning method is difficult. Be strict, and then respect. Respect the Tao, then the people know and respect learning. Therefore, the monarch is not a minister because when he is a corpse, he is also a minister; When he was a teacher, he was also a servant. Although the gift of a college student is written about the son of heaven, there is no north, so it respects the teacher.
In the process of teaching, the most rare thing is to respect the teacher. Because, first of all, we must respect the teacher, then attach importance to it, and then attach importance to it to make people pay attention to learning. Therefore, there are two situations in which the king does not treat his officials with kindness: when the officials are the masters of sacrifice, the king does not treat them with kindness; A courtier is a teacher, but the king doesn't regard him as a courtier. According to the etiquette of the university, it is not allowed for a teacher to tell a book to the king. This is the meaning of respecting teachers and valuing morality.
Good scholars can learn from others and get twice the result with half the effort, so they are mediocre. Poor scholars and diligent teachers get twice the result with half the effort, so they complain a lot. People who are good at asking questions are like attacking wood. Those who are easy first, then their procedures, after a long time, tell each other to solve. People who are not good at asking questions are the opposite. Be kind to those who ask questions, such as ringing the bell. Knocking at a small level will ring, and knocking at a large level will ring. Relax and do your best. People who are not good at answering questions are the opposite. This is the way to learn.
People who are good at learning often spend little effort on teachers, but they benefit a lot, which can be attributed to teachers and thanked them. People who are not good at learning often work hard for their teachers, but get little. Instead, blame the teacher. If a teacher is good at asking questions, then his questions are like cutting hard wood: start from the easy place first, and then cut the joints of the wood; That is, it is easy before it is difficult, and over time, students can understand it happily. People who are not good at asking questions are just the opposite. A person who is good at answering questions treats questions like a bell, and the sound becomes weak when it is lightly hit; If you hit hard, the sound will be loud; After he calmly understands, he will explain it in depth and try his best to make the questioner deeply understand and resonate. People who are not good at answering questions are just the opposite. These are all about the methods of teachers' questions and answers in teaching.
Learning backrest problems is not enough to be a teacher. Can it also listen to languages? Force can't ask, let's talk. I don't know what I said, but I can give up.
You can't be a teacher by rote. You must be good at explaining according to students' questions. Only when students can't ask questions can they be told directly. If he still doesn't understand, there is no need to force him to understand. He can stop for a while.
A son who is good at metallurgy must learn to be Qiu. The son of a good bow must learn to use a dustpan. On the contrary, the first driver is in front of the horse. Only a gentleman who abides by these three points can have an interest in learning.
The son of an excellent metallurgist must learn to mend a fur coat with broken skin before inheriting his father's business. The son of an excellent bowmaker must first learn to weave a dustpan with willow branches; The pony is a beginner in driving. Contrary to the cart driving in front of the car, the pony is tied behind the car. People understand that learning should be from easy to difficult, from shallow to deep, and often practice these three principles, so that students will not feel learning difficulties, thus becoming interested in learning and will not give up halfway.
Ancient literati were uglier than things. Drums are not as good as pentatonic, and pentatonic is not harmonious. Water doesn't deserve five colors, and five colors don't deserve chapters. Learning is not suitable for the five senses, and the five senses are incurable. Teachers don't deserve five clothes, and five clothes don't kiss.
Ancient scholars were good at understanding the relationship between things from the analogy of similar things. Drum is not equal to pentatonic, but without drum, pentatonic is not harmonious; Water is not equal to five colors, but without water, five colors are not clear; Learning is not the five senses, but without learning, the five senses will lose their function; Teachers do not belong to the kinship within the five clothes, but without the guidance of teachers, they will not understand the kinship within the five clothes.
The gentleman said: virtue is not an official. The avenue is useless. The big promises are not fulfilled, and the big ones are not coincident. Observe these four things, and you can be interested in this. The sacrifices made by the three kings to Sichuan were both the first and the last, either the source or the winding. This is called a service manual.
Therefore, the person with the highest virtue is not limited to holding official positions; Universal truth is not limited to explaining a specific thing; The most trustworthy person can keep his promise without entering into a contract; The weather at four o'clock in spring, summer, autumn and winter is different, but it can automatically arrive on time every year and keep the time best. Knowing these four truths, you will understand that learning should grasp the essence and start from the root. In ancient times, the three kings sacrificed to the river first, and then to the sea, just because the river was the source and the sea was the destination. This is the significance of attaching importance to fundamentals.
Xue Ji's educational purpose
Xue Ji inherited the consistent thought of pre-Qin Confucianism and regarded education as the most effective means to implement political and social management. Therefore, at the beginning of Xue Ji, the purpose and function of education are discussed in the beautiful language of epigrams.
At the beginning of Xue Ji, it is pointed out that since ancient times, it is impossible for any successful ruler to govern his country by issuing laws and seeking talents. Rulers must develop social education to make people abide by social order and form good moral habits, and improve the cultural literacy and moral consciousness of all people through social education.
In addition, although people are born good, they have no education and study hard, so they can't understand the truth, let alone abide by the "king's law." It's like a beautiful jade. Although its texture is beautiful, it cannot be a beautiful musical instrument without careful carving. The ancient emperors knew this very well. In the process of building the country and ruling the people, they always attach great importance to the development of education and give priority to education.