"Mandarin" is a northern dialect represented by Beijing dialect since Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Qing government stipulated that "juren, trainee, tribute supervisor and juvenile, who are not familiar with Mandarin, shall not be sent for examination".
1909 (Xuantongyuan year), the Qing government established the "Mandarin Editorial Committee" and officially named Mandarin as Mandarin. This is the first time that China Standard Language has been officially named.
19 10, Jiang Qian, an advocate of naming Putonghua as "Mandarin" and a member of the Senior Advisory Committee, once again put forward the viewpoint of "combining Putonghua with homophonic characters to achieve a unified effect" in the Notes on Organizing Putonghua Education for Several Years. 19 1 1 year, the Ministry of Education held the "Central Education Conference" and adopted the Measures for the Unification of Putonghua. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, the movement of making Mandarin has mainly determined the formulation of standard pronunciation and national phonetic symbol (the first type). In the formulation of standard pronunciation, it is based on the northern mandarin (Beijing accent).
Although Mandarin has become the lingua franca of bureaucrats and intellectuals in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it has not been popularized by China's ruling regime, nor is it familiar to most China users, and even has no legal title.
After the founding of the Republic of China, the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China held a "unified pronunciation conference" in Beijing in February 19 13, which approved the "national pronunciation" of more than 6,500 Chinese characters, and decided to integrate local dialects and make a standard "national pronunciation", that is, "old national pronunciation". Its characteristics are as follows: the initials and finals are about 95% the same as Beijing pronunciation; Keep your tone. The meeting also adopted a "phonetic symbol".
19 16 years, educators in Beijing organized the "Putonghua Research Association".
1965438+On April 2, 20091day, the Ministry of Education of Beiyang Government set up a preparatory meeting to unify Putonghua, 19 19 September, the National Phonetic Dictionary was edited and published.
During the May 4th Movement, the vernacular movement took place.
1920, the Ministry of Education officially ordered that from that year on, the "Chinese" in primary schools should be changed to "Mandarin" and the vernacular, "Chinese pronunciation" and "phonetic alphabet" should be taught.
Due to the contradiction between the phonetic standard of Guoyin Dictionary and that of Beijing, the "Beijing Debate" broke out in 1920. Zhang Shiyi, director of the English Department of Nanjing Normal University, published "The Unification of National Languages" on 1920, arguing that phonetic symbols and national sounds should be fundamentally reformed, national sounds should not be recognized, and Beijing sounds should be taken as the standard of national sounds. The National Education Federation and the primary schools affiliated to the Jiangsu Teachers' Federation successively made resolutions to take Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation and began to promote it in schools.
1923 the fifth congress of the preparatory Committee for the unification of putonghua decided to adopt both, and use the Beijing phonetic system in the standard putonghua tone, which is called "mandarin Beijing tone".
During the period of 1924- 1926, the National Phonetic Dictionary Committee revised the Old Guoyin, and changed the pronunciation of Chinese characters to "Beijing ordinary pronunciation", that is, "New Guoyin".
1928 the national government was changed to "preparatory Committee for the unification of the national language". 1932 in may, the Ministry of education officially announced and published the "general vocabulary of Chinese pronunciation", which provided a model for establishing the standard of putonghua.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), in order to show respect for minority languages and avoid possible misunderstanding caused by the name "Putonghua",1The National Conference on Character Reform and the Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese held in June, 955 decided to name the standardized modern Chinese as "Putonghua" and determined the definition and standard of Putonghua. Among them, the word "ordinary" means "universal" and "common". At the "National Conference on Character Reform" held in 1955, Zhang Xiruo said: "The common language of the people of China has existed for a long time, and now it is named Putonghua, which needs to be further standardized and determined. What is this common language of the Han nationality that has actually gradually formed? This is Putonghua with northern dialect as the basic dialect and Beijing accent as the standard pronunciation. For the sake of simplicity, this national language can also be called Mandarin. " 1955 Replace "Mandarin" with "Mandarin".
(1930s, Qu Qiubai put forward in the article "War beyond Hell" that "the task of literary revolution is by no means limited to creating some new poems, novels and dramas, but should establish a modern Mandarin accent for China." "Modern Putonghua, a new Chinese language, should be used all over the country, with modern' dialect', multi-syllable and ending ..."1956, the State Council established the "Central Working Committee for Promoting Putonghua" and issued the "Instructions on Promoting Putonghua". )
1982110 In October, the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) adopted by the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress included the provision that "the State promotes the common Putonghua throughout the country".
The National Common Language and Characters Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), which came into effect on 200 1, 1, established Putonghua and standardized Chinese characters as the national common language and characters, and stipulated that "the state promotes Putonghua and standardized Chinese characters".
Mandarin, as a modern national language, is quite different from the original elegant sounds in the ancient national language, which is mixed with a large number of northern minority languages, and the national language (Mandarin) before the Yuan Dynasty in China. Many elegant features of the Central Plains that Mandarin does not have are preserved in various Chinese dialects.
1955 "National Conference on Character Reform" and "Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese" adopted the definition of Putonghua, that is, the standard language of modern Chinese, with Beijing dialect as the standard sound, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm.
"Taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation" refers to the phonetic system of Beijing, that is, the phonetic system of Beijing dialect, which does not mean that Beijing dialect is the standard pronunciation of Putonghua. In fact, there is a considerable difference between the two.
"Dialect based on northern dialect" refers to the "north" in the sense of dialect division, including northeast-north China, northwest China, southwest China and Jianghuai area. Because the population of northern dialect accounts for about three-quarters of the total population of Han nationality, although there are "sub-dialects" inside, the differences in vocabulary system are relatively small, which is suitable as the basis of Putonghua vocabulary.
The reason why "typical modern vernacular works are based on legal norms" is that "vernacular" is basically consistent with people's daily spoken language, but the grammar is more standardized, so if it exists in written form, it will be more conducive to people's learning and mastery.
Article 19 of the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "The state promotes Putonghua, which is commonly used throughout the country."