The first section, the research object and task of pedagogy.
1. Pedagogy: A science that reveals educational laws, guides educational practice, and explores the art and value of education through the study of educational phenomena and problems.
Second, research objects: educational problems and educational phenomena. Only valuable educational problems and phenomena that can arouse the general concern of the society can constitute the research object of pedagogy, not all educational problems and phenomena. )
3. Research tasks: Reveal the laws of education, explore the value and art of education, and guide educational practice.
The second part, the emergence and development of pedagogy.
First, budding
Domestic: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, University, The Doctrine of the Mean and The Book of Learning. At the end of the Warring States Period, Ke's Xue Ji was the earliest educational monograph in the world.
West: Three Greek philosophers, such as Plato's Republic. On the Education of Speakers by quintilian in ancient Rome is the earliest educational work in the West.
Second, independence.
Bacon first proposed that pedagogy is an independent discipline.
Comenius' Theory of Great Teaching is the earliest pedagogy work in modern times. Mark the emergence of independent formal pedagogy.
Kant taught pedagogy in a university for the first time.
Herbart's General Pedagogy is the first systematic pedagogy work in modern times. The father of modern pedagogy. The founder of science pedagogy.
Third, development and diversification.
1. Spencer's Empirical Education Thought in On Education
Viewpoint:
Oppose speculation.
The task of education is to prepare for a perfect life.
Divide life into five types.
Emphasize practical science and oppose literature and language education.
Evaluation:
It reflects the requirements of capitalist industrial production for education and has obvious utilitarianism.
2. Experimental Pedagogy Man Mei Rai
Viewpoint:
Oppose speculative pedagogy.
Advocate the application of the results and methods of experimental psychology to educational research.
Educational experiment is divided into three stages: putting forward hypothesis, experimental scheme and verifying conclusion.
Evaluation:
Quantitative research methods have promoted the development of educational science. It has gone astray into scientism to exaggerate the quantitative method as the only effective defense of educational research.
3. Cultural Education Dilthey Park
Viewpoint:
Man is a cultural existence, human history is a cultural history, and the educational process is a historical and cultural process.
Educational research should adopt the methods of spiritual science or cultural science.
The purpose of education is to cultivate a complete personality, and the ways are "cultivation" and "awakening".
Evaluation:
It has profoundly influenced the development of pedagogy in Germany and even in the 20th century, and has enlightening significance. The speculative atmosphere is too strong and the philosophical color is too heavy. Blindly expand the value of social and cultural phenomena and ignore objective laws.
4. Pragmatic pedagogy Dewey Burke Qu
Viewpoint:
Education is life.
Education is experience.
Education is growth.
Children-centered, teachers are helpers.
Evaluation:
Criticize the traditional educational concept represented by Herbart and promote the development of pedagogy.
To some extent, it ignores systematic knowledge learning, the leading role of teachers and the relative independence of education.
5. Marxist pedagogy in Kailov and Yang Xianjiang.
Viewpoint:
Education is a social and historical phenomenon with class nature.
Education originated from labor.
The fundamental purpose is to promote people's all-round development.
The combination of education and productive labor is the only way to achieve all-round development.
Education is restricted by politics, economy and culture, but it is relatively independent and can promote the development of the first three.
Evaluation:
It laid a scientific methodological foundation for the development of pedagogy.
People often don't understand and apply Marxist theory well, and Marxist theory is easy to be simplified and mechanized.
6. Critical pedagogy.
Viewpoint:
Study education with the attitude and method of practical criticism
It is necessary to explain the interest relationship behind the facts and realize the liberation of teachers and students' consciousness.
Capitalist school education is a tool to safeguard social injustice.
Evaluation: trapped in obscure and vague critical discourse, lacking practical guidance.
7. Uri Vasquez, Institutional Pedagogy
Viewpoint:
Pedagogy research should first study the education system.
It is necessary to analyze the explicit education system and implicit education system.
Evaluation:
It has promoted the development of social pedagogy.
It is one-sided to rely too much on psychoanalytic theory.
Fourth, the theoretical deepening stage.
1. Bloom's educational goals are divided into three categories, each with different levels:
Cognitive goal
Affective goal
Action skill goal
Help teachers determine the purpose and task of teaching. It does not explain how to promote the development of students' mental ability. The elaboration of emotional goals and motor skill goals is not deep enough.
2. Bruner's knowledge structure theory: students should understand the basic structure of the subject.
Discovery teaching method: pay attention to the cultivation of students' ability and advocate discovery learning.
This is of positive significance to the compilation of teaching materials and the cultivation of students' ability. It is unreasonable to ignore students' acceptance ability and let children learn the basic principles of the subject too early.
3. zankov, a Soviet educator, emphasized that teaching is ahead of students' development.
Babanski: Taking teaching as a system, we examine teaching from the relationship and interaction between the whole and the parts.
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20 18 Harbin normal university, 20 19 terminology interpretation pedagogy of Harbin normal university