At present, multi-storey educational buildings in China are mainly divided into two categories: ① public schools; ② Semi-public schools. With the development of real estate industry, the whole city space is compressed, and the space of related educational buildings is compressed. In order to maximize the utilization rate of land, the construction of multi-storey educational buildings has been put on the agenda. However, in the current design of multi-storey educational buildings, there are still problems of design rigidity and utilitarianism, which lags far behind the needs of development in terms of its timeliness and practicality. Under the new situation, it is imperative to study the design concept of multi-storey educational buildings.
1 problems in the design of traditional educational buildings
The design concept of (1) is relatively old. They are all "one thousand people" design styles, or commercial architectural styles, which are not aimed at the style characteristics of educational buildings, lack the relevant elements of educational buildings, and have poor expressive force. (2) The design is too functional. The traditional teaching mode in China is basically "cramming", which determines that the design of educational buildings is basically "function room" and the design space is dull and single. However, it is incompatible with the modern educational concept, which requires opening more public spaces and providing students with rich multi-level space inside and outside the building.
2 Basic principles of multi-storey educational building design
2. 1 general layout principle
Specifically, it includes the following four points: ① It is necessary to consider the coordination and unity with the surrounding environment and the original buildings, and also to form the characteristics of educational buildings. ② We should not only consider the national characteristics and the spirit of the times, but also consider the cultural connotation of architecture and the spiritual characteristics endowed by education. ③ It is necessary to consider both its functional design and its decorative design, so as to achieve internal and external consistency and coordination. ④ Protect the original building environment. For example, some schools put classrooms on the glass floor. After class, teachers and students can see trees, flowers, pleasant water features and large green areas from the window, which will definitely give people a refreshing enjoyment.
2.2 Pay attention to the principle of using functions
An educational building contains many contents, including classrooms, administrative offices, various laboratories, computer rooms, teaching buildings and so on. For multi-storey building types, there are central buildings and podium buildings. As far as the layout of the whole building is concerned, there are plane symmetry and asymmetry. As far as the interior of the building is concerned, there are leadership office settings, bathroom settings, conference room design, stairwells, access roads, elevators and so on. How this distribution will directly affect the use function of future educational buildings.
2.3 Reflect the cultural connotation of education
Each school has its own cultural connotation, which is also called cultural characteristics. If it can be embodied in architecture, it will be a higher realm of architectural design, and designers need to take pains to elaborate and conceive culture. For example, for universities of science and engineering, it is necessary to design their masculinity, combine their cultural characteristics with industrial characteristics, and the corresponding architectural design should be based on strong lines and sharp edges, and minimize the design style of curved surfaces and curves. In the external design, the decoration color should also be based on the tone of atmospheric stability. For example, gray metal tiles can better reflect the "industrial taste." In addition, black, gray and white can create a majestic, strong and enterprising architectural style of science and engineering universities. In its interior design, it should also be based on the tall hall design, supported by tall columns, showing majestic charm, and the walls should be mainly granite, giving people a heavy feeling.
3 specific strategies to innovate the design of multi-storey educational buildings
3. 1 Pay attention to the construction of gray space.
The gray space referred to here generally refers to the public gray space, and it is also an effective place for direct communication between teachers and students. First, it is necessary to change the traditional design method of "traffic passage", expand the design of traffic passage, and make it a centralized public space, which is convenient for teachers and students to have a centralized rest and exchange. Besides, it also has a large communication space, where you can meet and talk at will outside the school, which is more like an integrated family. For the multi-storey building design of traditional humanities college, we must learn from the traditional space form of academy and form a whole through the design of corridor. You can also set a gap in the tense "function room", where students can enter, overlook and relax, and you can turn over books against the railing here, so that intense study can be carried out in such a relaxed environment. In addition to space elements, we should also give full consideration to lighting elements. We must ensure that these spaces have enough lighting, and the bright environment is conducive to conversation and communication. Some problems that have not been discussed or have not been completed in class can also be discussed here. This combination of "moving", "static" and "point, line and plane" provides a place for everyone to stay and a comfortable place, as shown in Figure 65438+.
3.2 Pay attention to the construction of the external space of the building
The president of Stanford University once said: "Those long corridors and solemn columns, as well as those rows of palm trees, will play an educational role for students, just like chemistry laboratories." This is enough to prove the potential impact of the campus environment on students. Therefore, the design of modern multi-storey educational buildings can not be ignored, and this kind of external public space should be designed more actively. However, in the case of shortage of land resources, it is often contrary to the demands of multiple spaces, which requires architects to make scientific and reasonable planning, skillfully use spaces, such as partial overhead and roof utilization, and produce various design techniques to make full use of each space to create a comfortable and humanized learning environment. For example, some primary schools design runways on the roofs of multi-storey buildings, and the whole design is circular, which cleverly avoids the constraints of land use and becomes a major feature of the design.
3.3 Pay attention to the horizontal expansion of educational space
Multi-storey building design can not be separated from the current teaching mode, because architectural design must mainly serve teaching, and this core must always be followed. With the implementation of the new curriculum reform and the innovation of educational ideas, a number of advanced teaching models have emerged in some advanced cities, which have broken through the traditional teaching model of mathematics and physics, and the learning content is more extensive and the learning methods are more flexible. For example, some schools implement the "shift system", and some schools have set up a large number of amateur groups in addition to normal study. Some schools also offer labor skills courses to cultivate their practical ability. Some schools have also set up mock trial and concert halls. In view of these situations, the architectural design must be expanded from the original 50m2 space to about 1 30 m2, which is more flexible in the arrangement of educational space. For example, you can set half of the teaching area and the other half of the operation test area. Teachers' offices can work with students, and a classroom can undertake multiple functions. Some schools adopt flexible layout of classroom space, which better realizes the variability of space and breaks away from the original array layout of desks. Regular arrangement will inevitably lead to waste of space, so it is necessary to replace negative space with positive space, such as using lighter combined tables and chairs, which is more convenient for layout transformation and more suitable for diversified group discussion and education models. In general, spaces can be separated and independent, so as not to interfere with each other, and can be connected when necessary to facilitate mutual communication.
3.4 Pay attention to the concept of ecological design.
The purpose of multi-storey education building construction is mainly for people to live in, and its essential attribute, namely comfort, can not be ignored. Ecological protection should be its proper meaning, such as the demand for natural ecology, good air, temperature and humidity. At the same time, we should pay attention to the protection of the surrounding environment and reduce the demand for nature, which is often ignored by designers in the design process. Designers often ignore the essential attributes of surface engineering. Therefore, we should consider applying modern ecological technology to the design of ordinary multi-storey educational buildings. For example, the Longzui Kindergarten Project in Qingyang District, Chengdu, because it is located in a basin, presents a subtropical humid monsoon climate with hot summer and cold winter. When designing this kind of multi-storey educational building, we must consider the particularity of the building nature. In the design, ecological simulation software can be used to simulate the points in the plane that are not conducive to natural ventilation, and measures such as adding courtyards and patios can be used to guide natural ventilation, so as to achieve room ventilation and cooling. In addition to passive ecological design, the project also innovatively uses a large number of active design strategies, such as saving energy and reasonably controlling lighting load. Ground source heat pump system is adopted, and central air conditioning system is set to provide daily cold source and heat source.
3.5 Public facilities shall be distributed to improve their utilization rate.
The traditional campus design of primary and secondary schools in China emphasizes the distinction of functions. A campus design is often divided into teaching area, experimental area, living area, public facilities area and so on. This design method has a clear pattern, but it will also lead to the low utilization rate of public facilities such as stadiums and public libraries. Therefore, units with conditions can design multi-storey educational buildings with public activity space as the core, and units without conditions can also scientifically split public activity space. Decentralized distribution in the whole region is based on the convenience of students. For example, the library should be better combined with the reading corner, and each classroom can set up a reading area to facilitate students' study and use in their spare time.
4 conclusion
With the rapid development of China's economy, education has also developed by leaps and bounds. A large number of multi-storey educational buildings have sprung up, and some new educational buildings with a certain scale will continue to emerge. To sum up, when designing educational buildings, we must be full of new ideas, because it involves not only architecture, but also pedagogy, psychophysiology, sociology and other fields. In addition to its substantive characteristics, it also has the characteristics of symbolism, education and unity.
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