What is a student with learning difficulties? As the name implies, people with learning difficulties are also called "learning disabilities" or "learning disabilities". This concept was first put forward by Kirk, an American special education expert, in 1963. Students with learning difficulties refer to students with normal intelligence and no obvious defects. Due to psychological quality and environmental reasons, the acquisition or development of learning ability is hindered, and their academic performance obviously lags behind that of normal students, showing frequent poor academic performance. Students with learning difficulties generally have the following performances: they are particularly smart in doing many things, but their academic performance is not good; Can't persist, love to do small moves, and it is not easy to concentrate; Learning mood is unstable, and sometimes I suddenly get bored or suddenly like it; Writing homework is particularly slow, and copying speed is particularly slow; Emotionally get along with others, or easily get excited and fight with others or ignore people in silence; When answering questions in class, they often answer irrelevant questions, or are at a loss, or simply avoid talking about them; The effect of homework completion is not good, and parents report that they are unwilling to do homework; I want to be praised, but I don't want to pay more energy to restrain my behavior and so on.

To help students with learning difficulties, we must first analyze the causes of students with learning difficulties and teach them in accordance with their aptitude in order to achieve good results. The causes of students with learning difficulties are very complicated, and their transformation is an important or even more difficult point in school education. What kind of methods and strategies to adopt is a long-term exploration and research topic for educators. Therefore, we should comprehensively and profoundly understand these students with learning difficulties, so as to effectively improve their poor academic performance and promote their healthy development in cognition, emotion and behavior. The author believes that students with learning difficulties are mostly caused by psychological reasons. Therefore, counseling students with learning difficulties should "help them solve their difficulties first and guide others to guide their feelings", that is, first of all, they should coach their psychological state, establish a harmonious relationship with the tutored, and then cultivate their interest in learning, stimulate their learning motivation, track their behavior, help them overcome negative psychology, enhance their self-confidence, cultivate strong will quality, and form good mood and behavior habits.

First, the psychological characteristics of students with learning difficulties

1. Psychological characteristics of students with learning difficulties. In educational practice, we often come into contact with such students with learning difficulties, some of whom are stubborn and arrogant; Some broken cans break and fall, and muddle along; Some complain and do nothing; Some are timid, inferior and afraid; Some people don't care on the surface, but they don't have the courage in their hearts These may exist in some students with learning difficulties or at a certain stage.

The psychological characteristics of students with learning difficulties are: first, anxiety: some students have poor foundation and are so old in academic performance that they are afraid of homework, exams and constant self-blame; I often worry about the teacher's criticism and fear that the teacher will complain about my parents. There are different levels of anxiety. Second, negative psychology: Some students have a poor foundation in cultural courses and poor grades, and they have not received the attention and help of teachers, which leads to their disappointment. Third, everyone is lazy. Primary school students are young, lack self-control, and the class size of the school is large, so it is difficult for teachers to manage them in place. If parents let themselves go, students will lose their self-discipline and often be lazy. Over time, they don't know more and more knowledge, leading to poor academic performance. Fourth, rebellious psychology: students have a desire to express themselves. They try their best to improve their position in the class and pay attention to their image in front of their classmates. Therefore, they often complain deliberately, dissatisfied with the collective and disgusted with the teachers. This way is often not understood by teachers and classmates. If the children are not properly guided and given the opportunity to express themselves, it will easily lead to students' rebellious mentality, resistance to learning and communication, and lead to backwardness in learning. Fifth, loneliness: some students have no desire to study because of family discord or even divorce, and their grades have dropped significantly; Coupled with the negligence of school teachers, students can't get the encouragement and care they deserve and feel lonely. In the long run, they are introverted, aloof and unsociable. 6. Inferiority: Some students are lagging behind in their development, all kinds of outstanding advanced students have not been nominated, and many educational activities and competitions have failed to be selected, thus gradually losing confidence in themselves, leading to a gradual decline in academic performance and falling into the ranks of students with learning difficulties. Seventh, numbness: Some students lack motivation to learn, their learning goals are unclear, they don't care about their grades, they don't worry about their grades, they don't make progress, and they do nothing at school all day.

2. Psychological causes of students with learning difficulties. In the previous research on underachievers, people found and paid most attention to external factors, such as the bad influence of society, improper family education, misunderstanding of school education and so on. Through research and discussion, we think that the psychological deviation of students with learning difficulties in the process of growth is an important reason for their learning difficulties and further lead to their behavior anomie.

The first is the problem of learning motivation. Learning motivation is the internal motivation to directly promote students' learning and the internal need to stimulate and guide students' learning. Students' learning motivation is influenced by many factors, mainly in the following two situations: First, learning for parents and teachers. Most of these students study under the "requirements" and "entreaties" of their parents and teachers. Second, study for "reading" and study for "learning". The reason why these students study is because other peers are studying, so they don't listen carefully in class and don't do other little tricks. They are always at a loss and have great difficulties in learning.

The second is the problem of learning strategies. Learning strategy refers to the complex scheme about learning process that students make purposefully and meaningfully in order to improve learning effect and efficiency. Students' learning strategies, such as improper allocation of time in various subjects, will lead to learning difficulties.

The third is the study of emotional problems. Emotional problems in learning mainly have the following manifestations: First, anxiety. Anxiety is an emotional state in which tension, anxiety, uneasiness and fear are intertwined. Some students are too worried about their unsatisfactory grades, or they are scolded or even beaten by their parents, criticized by their teachers and ridiculed by their classmates because of their unsatisfactory grades. As the exam approaches, they often feel nervous, worried and insomnia, and can't concentrate on their normal studies or exams. After the exam, they can't relax in time and devote themselves to the next round of study. The second is depression. Depression is a state of psychological depression when personal anxiety cannot be changed or controlled. Its main manifestations are: negative, sad, decadent, indifferent to learning, lack of self-confidence, weakened self-esteem, frequent insomnia, loss of appetite and so on. This kind of emotion often forms resistance to students' normal study. In reality, there are many reasons for students' depression, such as tension between parents, teachers and students, and physiological abnormalities.

Second, from an emotional point of view, to enhance the minds of students with learning difficulties

For the guidance of students with learning difficulties, teachers should first put their emotions into it, take the initiative to care for and understand children, and gradually establish a harmonious relationship with them. Gaining children's trust and dependence is a key step in tutoring students with learning difficulties. This is what "the way to kiss your teacher and trust him" says. If the child is willing to approach and listen, the teacher can give targeted guidance to the child.

1. Find the "hope point" in anxiety and rebuild the self-confidence of students with learning difficulties. A philosopher once said, "No child doesn't want to succeed." Students with learning difficulties are anxious, which shows that they also want to succeed. At this time, they need to understand more than other students and are more eager for help. Teachers should grasp this mentality, give them sincere help, and establish students' self-confidence through key events. A teacher once treated a student with learning difficulties like this: before an exam, the teacher and the student secretly agreed that they would specifically authorize the child to "preview" all the questions on the test paper in advance, so that the child could do better in the exam. The teacher praised him in the class and asked him to preview half of the questions for the second time. The students did well in the exam. The teacher praised him again and he began to believe that he could do it. Later the teacher refused. He achieved good results in the exam himself, so he felt his success, the teacher's encouragement and hope before the exam, and finally came to a conclusion: learning is nothing to be afraid of, as long as you believe in yourself, you can succeed.

2. Carry forward the "bright spot" in inferiority complex and strengthen the belief of students with learning difficulties. The famous educator Suhomlinski said: "The whole mystery of education and teaching lies in how to care for students. If you hate students, your opportunity is over before it starts. " Mr. Tao Xingzhi also said, "You stupid teacher, you have Watt under your pointer, Newton under your cold eyes, and Edison in your ridicule." Yes, practice has proved that students with learning difficulties also have their bright spots. Teachers should not blindly ignore students, but should bring them out of the shadow of inferiority and let them really enjoy the teacher's love. Therefore, this requires teachers to be more patient and meticulous in understanding students. Teachers should regard them as excellent students, contact them more at ordinary times, establish a good relationship between teachers and students, let them have a sense of trust and closeness to their teachers, and be willing to tell them their inner feelings, so as to become good friends who talk about everything. Then tell them that in fact, you are all excellent students in the eyes of teachers, just like excellent students. Teachers should encourage more and criticize less at ordinary times, cultivate their interest in learning, guide them to know and believe in themselves correctly, so as to strengthen their beliefs, let them gradually get rid of the invisible shackles of inferiority and show their brilliance to the fullest.

3. Excavate the "integration point" in rebellious psychology to relieve students with learning difficulties. Students with learning difficulties have poor academic performance and are often insulted by personality or even corporal punishment. Therefore, their inner fear and hostility have caused them to have a rebellious mentality of "I just don't listen to you." Therefore, teachers should first change their image, bring them a smile and talk about appreciation, form a harmonious, equal and harmonious teacher-student relationship with the whole class, give them more comfort and care, create a friendly and mutual learning environment for them, and help them learn from it.

Eliminating students' rebellious psychology is based on respecting students. Teachers should not only change their image, but also respect students with learning difficulties. American psychologist Maslow put forward the hierarchy of needs theory in 1943. He believes that although people's needs vary widely, they can be summarized into five levels from low to high: physiological needs, safety needs, love needs, respect needs and self-realization needs. Therefore, teachers should fully understand and treat students with learning difficulties equally. Only by moving with emotion and dissolving their inner ice with fiery enthusiasm can we achieve good educational results. Even if you criticize education, you should pay attention to artistry, and love words first, just like wrapping a layer of sugar on a pill to get rid of illness. For example, there is a student in the author's class, which is very opposite. As long as the teacher praises other students, he will not hide his concern. When the teacher criticizes him, he will object to the teacher, not listen carefully in class, and deliberately interrupt. The author seizes the positive advantages of his speech in class, praises him and tells all the students that teachers like students who think positively and communicate actively, especially those who can control their emotions and express their opinions in time. After a long time, he felt the teacher's good intentions. Not only did he listen carefully in class, but he did not interrupt casually, and his grades soared.

4. Correctly treat the "repetition point" in the lack of will and exercise the persistence of students with learning difficulties. The famous French biologist Pasteur said, "Let me tell you the secret of my success. My only strength is my persistence. " For students with learning difficulties, teachers can find the root of failure from their "repetition points" and let them really understand this. When occasionally absent students fail, teachers should not just reprimand them, but encourage them and reason with them. Only by facing up to the failure and finding the root cause of failure can they avoid these failures in the future. For some repetitions in students' behavior, we should not blindly accuse them of persisting in teaching, but try our best to excavate and affirm their ideological progress from persisting in teaching. In addition, we should always let students know through words and actions-the teacher always believes that he can do it, but he can do it now and in the future. This will help students hone their will unconsciously and increase their infinite self-confidence invisibly.

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