Immunization: At present, the vaccine selected in China is EV76 freeze-dried plague vaccine, which is produced by Lanzhou Biological Products Institute of the Ministry of Health. The effective period of immunization is 6 months. Before the epidemic period of plague 1 ~ 2 months, the skin was inoculated by scratching method. Vaccination range:
A. In areas where human or animal plagues are found, people are generally vaccinated.
B. Persons who enter the plague animal epidemic area to work or hunt shall complete vaccination within two months before work.
C. laboratory staff engaged in severe plague virus.
Taboo:
A. The body temperature is above 37℃, and the whole body is unwell.
B. people with acute infectious diseases.
C. severe heart, liver, kidney and tuberculosis.
D. 6 months before pregnancy, lactation and menstrual period.
E. people with extremely weak constitution.
F. people suspected of being infected with plague or in the incubation period.
1. Treatment of human epidemic areas; Anyone who has epidemiological signs and typical clinical symptoms of plague and cannot be ruled out can be identified as a suspected plague patient, and his location is a plague epidemic area. Under the leadership of the epidemic situation headquarters composed of local party and government leaders, health and epidemic prevention departments, public security departments, etc., a large and small isolation circle will be delineated, sealed off and isolated, and those who have close contact with plague patients within 9 days will be subjected to health isolation and preventive drug management. If you leave the local area, you should inform him to follow up and detain him in isolation. All kinds of articles used by plague patients should be thoroughly disinfected, and finally treated in large and small isolation circles (chemistry, high temperature and high pressure). The corpse should be disinfected, burned and buried deeply, and the surrounding environment should be thoroughly cleaned to kill rats and fleas. In order to cut off the route of re-transmission, when the last patient has been treated in the epidemic area for nine days and there are no new patients, the isolation can be lifted.
2. Treatment of animal epidemic areas: In animal plague epidemic areas, including seropositive epidemic areas.
Insecticides should be used to completely kill rats and fleas, especially around residential areas and traffic arteries in epidemic areas. According to the scope of possible pollution, direct contacts are restricted from going out and monitored for nine days. In areas where animal plague was prevalent that year, it was forbidden to hunt otters and strip their food without permission, and publicity and education should be done to strengthen people's awareness of self-protection to prevent human plague.
Flu:
Early application of antiviral therapy. We should adhere to the principle of paying equal attention to preventive isolation and drug treatment, and paying equal attention to etiological treatment and symptomatic treatment. The basic principles include early use of anti-influenza drugs, avoiding blind or improper use of antibacterial drugs, strengthening supportive treatment, preventing complications, and rational use of symptomatic treatment drugs.
Anti-influenza drug therapy. Start anti-influenza drug treatment as soon as possible within 36 hours or 48 hours of onset. Although some data show that neuraminidase inhibitors can take effect within 48 hours after onset, most studies have proved that early treatment is more effective.
smallpox
Vaccines have been used to prevent smallpox for a long time. Sun Simiao, a famous doctor in China, used the pus from smallpox aphtha to prevent smallpox. After the Ming Dynasty, the method of human pox vaccination became popular. 1796, edward jenner, a British rural doctor, discovered a less dangerous inoculation method. He successfully injected an 8-year-old boy with vaccinia. The current smallpox vaccine is not made of smallpox virus, but of vaccinia virus. The antigens of vaccinia virus and smallpox virus are mostly the same and will not cause diseases to human body.
dengue
to reduce body temperature
For patients with high fever, physical cooling, such as ice compress and alcohol bath, should be used first, and analgesic and antipyretic drugs should be used with caution. For those with persistent high fever and severe toxic blood symptoms, short-term use of low-dose adrenocortical hormone, such as oral prednisone.
Step 2: rehydration
For patients with hyperhidrosis and diarrhea, take oral rehydration first, and pay attention to the balance of water, electrolyte and acid-base. Intravenous rehydration should be used to correct dehydration, hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis when necessary, but we should always be alert to the possibility of inducing brain edema, intracranial hypertension and cerebral hernia.
3. Reduce intracranial pressure
For patients with severe headache and increased intracranial pressure, 20% mannitol injection should be used for rapid intravenous drip in time. At the same time, intravenous infusion of dexamethasone is helpful to reduce brain edema and intracranial pressure. Patients with respiratory center depression should be treated with artificial respiration machine in time.
Dengue fever is an infectious disease with self-limiting tendency, and the course of disease of patients without complications is about 10 days. This disease usually has a good prognosis. Most of the deaths were severe patients.