Judo (じゅぅどぅ) means "the way to be soft" in Japanese. Is the "gentle way". Judo originated in part from the hand-to-hand combat technique of ancient Japanese samurai: jujitsu. Judo wins the game by throwing its opponent to the ground. This is the only event in the Olympics that allows opponents to be subdued by choking or twisting their joints. Judo is a highly antagonistic competitive sport, which emphasizes the technical proficiency of players, rather than the comparison of strength.
Judo was founded in 1980s by Jana Jgoroh in 19, and became an Olympic event in 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games. At that time, Japan, as the host country of the Olympic Games, could add an event, so Japan chose judo. There are only four levels of competition in Tokyo Olympic Games, and Japanese athletes won three gold medals.
However, in the indifferent competition, Dutch Anton Gisenko, who is1.98m tall, defeated Akio, the Japanese champion for three consecutive years, in front of15,000 spectators in the Japanese Dojo Hall, and defeated him again in the resurrection, thus breaking the argument that Japanese judo masters can beat any opponent.
Judo competition requires players to "lock their arms" and "strangle" their opponents' limbs and necks, and to throw their opponents to the ground or suppress them until they admit defeat or fall to the ground.
Judo is a sport that requires physical fitness. [Edit this paragraph] The origin of judo judo: A Japanese martial art that mainly focuses on wrestling.
Japan is known as the "judo country". Judo is a unique subject in Japanese Wushu, which evolved from jujitsu. It has a long history. From the Warring States Period to the Tokugawa Period in Japan (A.D. 15 to 16 century), judo has always been called Jiu Jitsu or body art ... The word judo used now is simplified from "from Japanese judo to Kodokan".
Judo has a very old history, and it is very complicated to understand its origin. Among the works of various schools of judo. There are all kinds of theories. According to one legend, during the reign of Emperor Chuiren (who ascended the throne in 29 BC), Naomi Su Mi fought a famous battle with Dangmachu Soda. Their fighting is a combination of boxing and wrestling. Since then, some people have absorbed wrestling techniques and developed into the present sumo sport; Others sum up fighting experience in fighting, develop it into jujitsu, and then evolve into judo. According to records, the earliest school was Takeuchi School, which was founded in June of the first year of astronomy (1532). Then, at the end of Chen Feng (about 1590), the Araki School appeared. After the Tokugawa Guang Jia era (1623), there appeared the dream school, the rigid-flexible school, the Jitong school, the straightforward school, the fickle school, the God-in-heaven school, the ups and downs school and the Sichuan school. [Edit this paragraph] The establishment of modern judo
In the Meiji decade (1877), Jana Jgoroh, a student at Imperial University of Tokyo (now the University of Tokyo), was eighteen years old. Proceeding from the desire to stay healthy, he decided to learn Jiu Jitsu. At first, I went to school with the help of Futian, a Zhenyang school. Later, I studied in the same school's Fan School, and then I went to school after a long meal. After several years of hard work, this industry has reached a high level. He made an in-depth study of the schools of God, Truth and Yang and other schools, regardless of other people's opinions and learned from others. After sorting out and reforming, he perfected the theory and technology of Jiu Jitsu skills, formulated a set of systematic training methods, canceled dangerous movements, and established a new Jiu Jitsu system, including throwing technology, fixing technology and playing technology, thus making the traditional Jiu Jitsu look brand-new and creating its reform into modern judo. From then on, the scientific discussion of judo becoming an educational movement began; Make judo take a new step in cultivating noble will quality. Out of admiration for judo and love for their own national culture, the Japanese people greatly admire Mr. Jana Jgoroh and call him "the father of judo". The Kingdom of Ghana is not only the founder and advocate of modern judo, but also a famous Japanese educator and a great man who has an important influence on international sports.
In February of Meiji 15 (1882), Mr. Jana Jgoroh moved to Yongchang Temple in Shimonoseki-do and took the college as the Dojo (training ground) to teach students, and began training activities centered on judo. This Yongchang Temple has also become a pioneering place for "Japanese to spread judo in Kodokan". There were only nine students who came to study in the first year, and then it increased year by year, and Kodokan's influence was growing. Because judo absorbs and synthesizes the inherent advantages of various jujitsu. Competition is also standardized, so it is not only an effective self-defense skill, but also a fascinating sport; It can not only strengthen people's physique, but also help to temper their spirit, improve their alertness and adaptability, and enhance their self-confidence and willpower.
Judo has a very broad mass base in Japan. At present, Japan holds various competitions around the National Judo Competition Conference every year. For example, middle school students in various regions (equivalent to junior high school students in China) have judo competitions. National college competitions (equivalent to high school students in China), all-day college students' prize-winning competitions, and various forms of competitions. Judo is not only an entertainment sport in Japan, but also a teaching project of school physical education. This gives the Japanese people the opportunity to receive systematic training from an early age, laying a solid foundation for improving judo skills. Therefore, Japan, which enjoys the reputation of "judo country", has won more than half of the gold medals and team championships in previous Olympic Games and world competitions almost every time.
Judo originated from a kind of Japanese martial arts, namely "Jiu Jitsu". But in fact, judo is a highly antagonistic competitive sport, which emphasizes the proficiency of players in mastering technology, rather than the comparison of strength.
After modern development, judo was listed as an official event in 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games (the host can choose to add an Olympic event, and Japan chose judo). As the birthplace of judo, Japan did have an advantage in the early days. However, in the indiscriminate competition, Dutch player Ji Xinke defeated Japan's three-time national champion with a height of 1.98 meters, thus changing people's fantasy view of judo.
Judo, originally called Jiu Jitsu, was finally called Judo after the reform. Judo techniques include wrestling and joint techniques. (Judo is a Japanese martial art) [Edit this paragraph] Judo techniques and tactics
The attack and defense techniques of judo are divided into throwing technique (standing technique), sleeping technique (tumbling and wrestling technique on the ground) and self-defense of hitting the opponent. At present, personal skills are no longer allowed in judo competitions.
Vertical skills are divided into vertical skills (throwing skills that can't stand up) and sacrificial skills that fall to the ground actively. Vertical techniques are divided into: ① hand techniques, mainly using arm techniques. Such as "floating down", that is, pulling each other down with both hands; 2 waist skills, mainly using the back to throw each other down. Such as "big waist", that is, holding each other's trunk and falling on their backs; (3) Feet method, which mainly uses legs and feet to throw the other side down. For example, "inner drum" means picking up your opponent with your legs and falling down, and "sweeping your feet" means kicking him down with your feet. Sacrificial skills are divided into true sacrificial skills and horizontal sacrificial skills. The real sacrifice skill is that the performer falls down on his own initiative, lands on his back and subdues his opponent. For example, "Bart" means that the performer falls backwards first, hugs each other with both hands, and steps on each other's abdomen, so that the subject rolls over the performer and falls on the mat. The technique of flat sacrifice means that the performer bends over first, and then throws his opponent down, such as "floating down".
Sleeping posture skills are divided into solid skills, twisting skills and joint skills. Fixation is to press the opponent's back on the mat so that he can't escape, while the performer keeps free movement. If the performer's legs are caught by the opponent's legs, it is not considered that the use of fixed skills is successful. For example, the performer kneels on the receiver's side in supine position and holds him down. Wrestling technique is that two people fall on the mat, strangle each other with their arms or judo suits and give up (represented by slapping the mat). The skill of joint is to pour on the mat, make the other elbow joint ache hard and give up. Joint skills can only be applied to the elbow joint. [Edit this paragraph] Competition system
Judo for men and women was listed as an event in the 1964 18 Olympic Games and the 25th Olympic Games in 1992 respectively. In the Olympic Games, it takes five minutes for men to score and win, and four minutes for women. If neither side scores, three judges will decide the winner according to the principle of majority voting. Each heavyweight event has a gold medal, a silver medal and two bronze medals.
At the Sydney Olympic Games, 400 judo players will no longer wear traditional white clothes, but one player will wear white clothes and the other will wear blue clothes.
Players of each level will first be divided into two groups for single elimination, and then the top two in the group will enter the semi-finals, and the winner will compete for the championship.
Athletes may emphasize that judo is a sport that anyone can participate in. The two most striking judo players in Sydney Olympic Games are really quite different in stature.
There are 14 events in the judo competition of Beijing Olympic Games, including 7 events for men and 7 events for women, namely 60kg, 66kg, 73kg, 8 1kg, 90kg, 100kg and above, and 48kg and 52 for women. The judo competition of Beijing Olympic Games will be held in the gymnasium of University of Science and Technology Beijing from August 9 to June 5, 2008.
Competition venue and clothing: Judo competition venue is paved with tatami or suitable materials similar to tatami, and the color is usually green. There is a competition area and a safety area. One athlete wears a blue judo suit and the other wears a white judo suit. The length of the jacket of judo suit should cover the thigh, and the left lapel of the jacket should be wide enough to hold down the right lapel. The waist is tied with a belt with a width of 4 to 5 cm, and its color represents the position of the athletes.
Competition rules: During the competition, according to the skills used by athletes, according to their quality and effect, they are awarded four kinds of scores:
1. One copy: one copy is obtained in four cases: one side of the competition controls the other side, and puts the other side into most of the landing state with considerable strength and speed; When one side controls the other side in the "pressure technique" competition so that it can't get out of control within 25 seconds after announcing the "pressure technique start"; When one side slaps the mat or the other side's body with hands or feet for more than two times, or shouts "lost"; When one side of the competition uses torsion technique or joint technique to fully display the technical effect. In addition, when one side of the competition is punished by the fourth "guidance", the other side gets "one book" score. When one party gets a copy, it wins the game.
2. Skills: There are two situations to obtain "skills": when one side of the competition controls the opponent and falls down with throwing skills, but the technical effect is insufficient to judge "a book"; In "pressure technique", one side of the game controls the other side for more than 20 seconds. In addition, when one side of the competition is punished by the third "guidance", the other side gets a "skill" score. When one side of a competition gains a second "skill" in a competition, that side wins.
3. Effective: There are two situations to be "effective": when one side of the competition controls the opponent and falls down with throwing technique, but the technical effect is not enough to judge "a book"; In "pressure technique", one side controls the other side for more than 15 seconds. In addition, when one side of the competition is punished by the second "guidance", the other side gets an "effective" score.
4. Effect: There are two situations to get the "effect": when one side of the game controls his opponent, he throws his opponent to the shoulder, thigh or hip with speed and strength; In "pressure technique", one side controls the other side for more than 10 second. In addition, when one side of the competition is punished by "guidance", the other side gets an "effect" score.
In a game, after an athlete gets a copy, the game can end, and the athlete who gets the copy wins the game. If there is no "book" victory in a competition, the winner will be judged according to the number of "skills", "effectiveness" and "effects" within the specified competition time. But one "skill" is better than all "effectiveness" and "effect". One "effect" is better than all "effects". If the scores of both sides are equal, overtime will be played, and the first scorer in overtime will win. After the overtime, if the scores of the two sides have not changed, the three referees on the field will raise the flag to decide the outcome after consultation.
Foul:
If an athlete violates the rules or exceeds the competition area, depending on the seriousness of the case, he will be punished with "koka", "yoko", "warning" (half a point) and "disqualification" (one foul). When an athlete is warned twice in a competition, he is disqualified and the other side wins. The most serious foul is a foul, but before the penalty, the referee needs to negotiate with the linesman.
Don't hit each other, don't hit each other with your head, elbows and knees, and don't scratch each other's hair and lower body. Never hit your opponent in the face with your hands, feet, legs or arms. Don't do anti-joint exercises on other joints except elbow joint. It is forbidden to do anything that may hurt the other person's cervical vertebra or spine. In addition, excessive defense in the game, being pushed out of the competition area by the opponent or deliberately avoiding the opponent, causing danger to the opponent, are all fouls.
Beyond the competition area means that any part of the judo player's body is beyond the competition area. If one side throws at the other side and falls off the court because of losing its center of gravity, it is judged whether it is a foul according to the landing time of the fallen player: if the fallen player lands first, it is not a foul, otherwise it is a foul. It is not a foul to be thrown off the court by an opponent in a game with regular movements.
It is forbidden to hit in judo, and it is forbidden to use the head, elbow and knee to contradict each other. Don't do anti-joint exercises on other joints except elbow joint. Don't scratch your hair and genitals. It is forbidden to do anything that may hurt the other person's cervical vertebra or spine. Athletes who violate the rules or step out of the competition area will be given "guidance", "attention", "warning" and "disqualification" depending on the seriousness of the case. When an athlete is warned twice in a competition, he is disqualified and the other side wins. [Edit this paragraph] Judo Tactical Training
First, what is tactics?
Tactics are based on the specific situation of both sides of the game, correctly distributing power, giving play to their own strengths, limiting the strengths of the other side, and adopting reasonable and effective strategies and actions to defeat the other side.
Tactical training is an important part of sports training. Athletes' performance depends on the level of tactical training, physical training, technical training and psychological training.
The role of tactics is to comprehensively use the athletes' physical, technical and psychological training achievements according to the specific conditions of both sides of the competition to give full play to the most effective and maximum combat power.
In antagonistic events, both sides of the competition are always engaged in fierce struggles between exertion and counter-exertion, restriction and counter-restriction. In order to fight for sovereignty, both sides always try to exert their technical expertise and measure their weaknesses. At the same time, we should try to limit each other's strengths and expand each other's weaknesses. These intentions are to suppress each other's advantages and create the enemy's weaknesses through tactical and reasonable actions.
Modern judo competition is becoming more and more fierce, and the confrontation and struggle are becoming more and more fierce. Sometimes, when the strength of both sides is equal and evenly matched, it is more important to use tactics correctly, reduce physical consumption and labor, and win the game. In this case, the victory or defeat of the game often depends on the use of tactics.
Tactics are based on certain physical, technical and psychological conditions. On the contrary, the formation and application of technology can also promote the body, technology and psychology. The application of tactics is a "battle of wits" process, which must promote the dedication and psychological development of athletes.
Second, the characteristics of judo tactics
(1) The technical characteristics of judo are: combination of attack and defense, defense in attack, attack in defense, active propulsion and attack, the contradiction between attack and defense is unified, and the attack can be scored, but the attack score can only be achieved on the basis of successful defense, that is, there is no attack without successful defense, and the two are closely related; Give priority to attack, combine attack and defense, have defense in attack and attack in defense. First of all, we should learn various defensive techniques in throwing skills, sacrifice skills and sleep skills, and then learn various offensive techniques on the basis of defense.
(2) There are many changes in antagonistic events, and tactical requirements include not only prediction, but also flexibility. Before the game, several sets of operational plans should be prepared to deal with all kinds of complicated and changeable situations, and at the same time, tactics should be used flexibly according to the changes in the game.
(3) The application of judo competition tactics is closely related to the psychological quality and mental state of athletes. In some cases, the two athletes are neck and neck in the competition, and their physical strength is greatly consumed. However, in a close battle, in an instant, one athlete gritted his teeth and another athlete suddenly lost. This is the role of psychology and athletes' strong will.
Third, the task of tactical training.
The task of tactical training is to enable athletes to master the tactics of special sports and apply them in competitions. Its specific tasks are:
(A) to enable athletes to master the theory of special sports tactics and understand the tactical trend.
(B) to enable athletes to form a tactical awareness and promote intellectual development.
(3) Cultivate athletes to master a certain number of tactics, and improve the quality of tactics and their adaptability.
(d) Cultivate athletes to be brave and tenacious, and dare to fight and fight.
Fourth, the cultivation of tactical will.
The tactical actions completed by athletes in the competition are dominated by tactical will, and the tactical significance is as follows: in complex and difficult competitions, people who can accurately grasp the competition can quickly and accurately decide their own actions according to the situation, and an athlete's tactical timetable appears in the whole process of the competition.
The cultivation of tactical awareness is closely related to athletes' thinking activities. The flexibility, foresight and creativity of an athlete's thinking activities will inevitably determine his tactics. The formation of tactical awareness is the concrete manifestation of the role of thinking activities in implementing tactical activities. Tactics means training as long as:
(A) Let athletes understand the importance of tactics and have more tactical ideas.
(2) Many groups only pay attention to the practical activities of teaching strategy deployment, the development and cultivation of thinking ability, and the ability to analyze and solve problems.
(3) Athletes should pay more attention to excellent athletes' competitions and their tactical application.
Five, the formation of tactics and training methods
The formation of tactics is the result of scientific training, which is realized through tactical training on the basis of physical, technical and psychological conditions.
Athletes' physical training level, technical level and psychological state are the basis of tactical training, and technology is the basis of forming tactics. Only by mastering all kinds of techniques can athletes improve their tactical quality, and their psychological state and thinking ability can make a breakthrough in tactical application. [Edit this paragraph] Introduction of judo competition venue The minimum area of the competition venue is 14* 14 meters, and the maximum area is 16* 16 meters. The site must be paved with collapsed rice or similar materials. The color is usually green. The playing field is divided into two areas, between which there should be a danger of being about 1 meter wide and usually red. The danger zone is parallel to the periphery of the competition field and constitutes a part of the whole competition field. Within and including the danger zone is called the competition zone, with a minimum area of 9 * 9m and a maximum area of10 *10m. Outside the danger zone, it is called the safety zone, with a width of about 3 meters (not less than 2.5 meters). In the center of the competition area, every 4 meters, red and white signs with a length of 25 cm and a width of 6 cm should be marked to indicate the positions of the contestants at the beginning and end of the competition. The red sign should be on the referee's right and the white sign should be on the referee's left. When two or more adjacent competition venues are used, two venues are allowed to share 1 safety zone not less than 3m. The playing field must be set on the raised floor or backstage. There should be no less than 50 cm of space around the competition venue.