First, the debate about the origin of education.

(A) the theory of biological origin

This was put forward by the French sociologist Little Noel at the end of 19. People think that education comes from biological instinct. I believe there are also educational activities in the animal kingdom. The mistake of biological origin theory in education is to confuse the conscious and purposeful behavior of human society with the instinct of animals, which denies the sociality of education.

(B) the theory of psychological origin

This theory was put forward by American educator Lu Meng at the beginning of this century, and thought that education originated from imitation.

(C) the theory of the origin of communication

This theory was put forward by Chinese educator Ye Lan in 1980s. He believes that education originated from people's communication activities.

(C) the origin of labor theory

Marxist theory holds that education originated from the unique productive labor of human beings. Because:

1. Labor creates people and provides realistic conditions for the emergence of education.

Because of labor, the ape's body evolved into an adult's body, especially the hand as a working organ, the brain as a thinking organ further developed, and the language as a tool of human communication provided realistic conditions for the emergence of education.

2. Labor provides an objective requirement for education.

On the one hand, human beings have accumulated certain production experience and labor technology in the process of labor. In order to make the society continue and develop continuously, the older generation must pass on the accumulated experience and technology to the younger generation. On the other hand, human beings have accumulated some social life experience in the process of labor, such as a certain standard of living, customs, behavior norms, religious beliefs and so on. In order to make the younger generation adapt to the existing relations of production, the older generation must also make the younger generation master these life experiences.

3. Education, like labor, language and consciousness, is a unique phenomenon in human society.

Second, the emergence of school education.

(A) the initial, broad sense of education

Education and human society come into being at the same time. But enlightenment education is education in a broad sense, which generally refers to all the influences exerted by the older generation on the new generation's body and mind. It permeates daily production and life, which is extremely common, but the level is low, there are no full-time teachers and no special educational places and facilities.

(2) Specialized school education appeared only after entering the slave society.

1. "Huan"-the earliest school education institution in China. Appeared in the Xia dynasty. Later, it evolved into "command" and "correction".

"Learning" and so on.

2. School, a special educational institution, has appeared in slave societies of other ancient civilizations in the world.

(3) the conditions of school education.

1. The emergence of surplus products and the division of labor between mental work and manual work have led to the emergence of teachers specializing in education and students specializing in learning.

2. People have accumulated rich experience in the process of production and life, and formed the specific content of school education through the processing of mental workers.

3. The emergence of indispensable vocabulary and corresponding cultural tools for knowledge transfer.

Section 2 The Essence of Education

First, the definition of the concept of education

Education is an extremely widely used concept. What is education? People have always had different understandings of this concept.

(A) the different understanding and evaluation of the nature of education

Xue Ji: "Teachers are good at saving the lost." "Shuo Wen Jie Zi": "Teach, apply it above, and effect it below." "Educate, train children and make them better." Mr. Lin Yutang once expounded the relationship between filial piety and teaching from the evolution of teaching characters. He said: Teaching Chinese characters also evolved from filial piety. That is, the word "filial piety" plus one means "filial piety", that is, "filial piety" It can be seen that filial piety is the main content of traditional religion. Plato: "Education is to make people's body and mind develop satisfactorily." Comenius: "Education cultivates sound people." Dewey: "Education is life and the constant transformation of experience."

(B) the nature and characteristics of education

1. The essence of education is to cultivate people's social practice purposefully.

2. For school education, it has the characteristics of purpose, stipulation and planning.

3. The difference between broad education and narrow education

Second, the different understanding of the nature of education.

(a) In previous discussions on the nature of education, the following views were expressed:

1. thinks that the essence of education belongs to the superstructure.

2. Think that the essence of education belongs to productivity.

Both of them belong to superstructure and productivity.

4. "Education is the social practice of cultivating people".

(B) the theoretical ownership of education-belongs to the superstructure

The theoretical attribution of education is to determine its social attribute, that is, the basic social value of which system it belongs to. We believe that education as a whole should belong to the superstructure.

Section III Development of Education

Education is a unique social phenomenon of human beings, which comes into being with the emergence of society and develops with the development of society. So far, human beings have experienced five social forms, so there are five educational forms. Various forms of education are different, whether it is the role of education in social life, educational content, teaching methods, educational purposes and so on. They are constantly developing and changing.

First, education in primitive society.

(1) Overview: Primitive society is the earliest social form of human beings, which has experienced a long historical period. Education in primitive society has the characteristics of fairness and classlessness.

(B) the basic characteristics of primitive social education

1. Sociality and classlessness of education

2. Education is closely integrated with social life and productive labor.

3. Example and imitation are the main means of education.

Second, the ancient school education

(a) Education in a slave society

1. Education in slave society in China

(1) China is the country with the earliest school education in the world.

(2) Educational purpose: to cultivate civil and military officials who only protect the slave owner's ruling system and have the skill of "governing the people".

(3) Education target: children of slave owners.

(4) Teaching content: "Six Arts"-Ritual, Music, Shooting, Imperial, Calligraphy and Numbering.

2. Education in European slave society: There are two typical schools in Sparta and Athens.

(1) Bada Education: Education focusing on military training.

(2) Athens Education: Schools are "public" by the state. In order to make the future slave owners adapt to the complicated political life and be familiar with business, the content of school education is not only military training, but also education in business and political activities.

(B) education in feudal society

1. Education in feudal society in China

(1) educational purpose: to maintain the ruling order of feudal hierarchy.

(2) Educational content: "Four Books" and "Five Classics".

(3) Teaching methods: advocating books and paying attention to indoctrination; Advocating rote learning and prevailing corporal punishment.

(4) Educational forms: official school, private school and academy system.

2. Education in European feudal society

(1) European Middle Ages (the first half of May-14): There were two main systems: missionary schools and knight schools.

(2) Feudal education during the Renaissance.

Third, modern school education.

(A) the content of modern school education reform:

1. Promote the national compulsory education system.

2. Broaden the teaching content and increase the knowledge of natural science.

3. Create new teaching organizational forms and teaching methods.

(B) Modern school education in China

The education after the Opium War 1. 1.840 belongs to the education of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

2. During the Revolution of 1911, the bourgeois revolutionary democrats further promoted the capitalist education system.

3. The education system during the Kuomintang period: copy the United States and implement the "6.3.3.4" system.

4. New-democratic period: This is a national, scientific and popular education.

Fourth, modern school education.

(A) the development trend of modern school education:

1. Attach importance to early education

2. Extend the period of compulsory education

3. Diversification of educational structure

4. Pay attention to teaching reform

(B) China's socialist education

After the founding of New China, under the leadership of China, China's education entered the ranks of modern education with a brand-new look and made great progress. Specific performance in the following aspects:

1. The number of schools has increased, the scale of education has expanded and the conditions for running schools have improved.

2. Pay attention to early education and basically popularize nine-year compulsory education.

3. Reform the structure of secondary education and strengthen vocational education.

4. Implement quality education to improve the quality of the whole nation; Fully implement the party's educational policy, strive to improve the quality of education and teaching, and train a large number of talents for socialist modernization.