(1) Comenius's Theory of Great Teaching is the earliest educational work in modern western Europe. In this book, he put forward the popularization of primary education, advocated the establishment of a school education system adapted to students' age characteristics, demonstrated the class teaching system, stipulated a wide range of teaching contents, put forward the principles of convenience, thoroughness, conciseness and quickness in teaching, spoke highly of teachers' profession and emphasized their roles. These thoughts have played a positive role in opposing feudal education and establishing a new educational science.

(2) Herbart's "General Pedagogy" is a self-contained pedagogy book, which indicates that pedagogy has become an independent discipline. The book is divided into four parts: introduction, general purpose of education, various interests (teaching) and moral power of character (moral education). Starting from the ethics of catering to the interests of the reactionary aristocratic class in Germany, he put forward that "the highest purpose of education is morality"; Based on psychology, he stipulated the teaching steps: clarity, combination, system and method; He emphasized the educational function of teaching.

(3) Dewey's Democracy and Education starts from pragmatism and opposes that traditional education is centered on subject textbooks and divorced from real life; It advocates students to learn in real life and puts forward that "education is life …" Education is growth … "School is society and" learning by doing ". His theory is based on experience and centered on action, with a narrow empirical color.