Most of the poems recorded in The Book of Songs come from the people. It is said that in order to observe the folk customs and political gains and losses, the Zhou Dynasty set up a special poetry collector to collect folk songs. Most of the poems in The Book of Songs come from this place. The other part is a poem dedicated by officials and scholars to Zhou Tianzi, praising virtue and whitewashing peace. Some of these poems have been verified, some are speculative, and some are well-founded, but they are not very important. As for the editors of the Book of Songs, those who think that Duke Zhou can't be established now. Another argument is that Confucius deleted poems, which is not convincing.
The poems recorded in The Book of Songs have a long time span, covering more than 500 years of social life from the early Western Zhou Dynasty (BC 1 1 century) to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period (6th century BC), covering a wide area, from the north of the Yellow River to Jianghan Valley. In the Han Dynasty, when there were three schools, namely Lu, Qi and Han, he stood as a scholar, followed by Shi Mao. After the popularity, three poets, Qi, Lu and Han, passed away one after another. Many people have interpreted the Book of Songs in the past dynasties, such as Zhuxi's Biography of Poetry in the Song Dynasty, Wang Fuzhi's The Book of Songs in the Qing Dynasty, Ma's Notes on Mao's Poems and Wang Xianxuan's Poems.
The Book of Songs consists of 305 articles, which are divided into three parts: style, elegance and ode. Wind has fifteen national styles and is a folk song of all countries in the world. This part of literature has the highest achievements, including praising beautiful things such as love and labor, complaining and angry about homesickness, thinking about people and opposing oppression and bullying. Elegance and vulgarity are divided into elegance and vulgarity and Xiaoya, and most of them are poems that offer sacrifices to noble people, pray for a good harvest and praise their ancestors. This is the accent of western girls. Xiaoya also has some folk songs. Ode is a poem dedicated to the ancestral temple. The poems in Ya and Ode are of great value to our study of early history, religion and society. Confucius once summarized the purpose of the Book of Songs as "innocence" and educated his disciples and children to read the Book of Songs as their standard of speech and action. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, many people quoted the Book of Songs, such as Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, Han Feizi, etc. They often quoted sentences in the Book of Songs to enhance their persuasiveness. Later, The Book of Songs was regarded as a classic by Confucianism and became one of the Six Classics (including Poetry, Calligraphy, Rites, Yue, Yi, Spring and Autumn) and Five Classics (without Yue).
The area covered by the Book of Songs is mainly the Yellow River Basin, starting from Shanxi and Gansu in the west, reaching the southwest of Hebei Province in the north, Shandong in the east and Jianghan Basin in the south.
Writing process
The earliest works of The Book of Songs were written in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. According to historical records, this book was written by Duke Ji Dan of Zhou. The latest work was written in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. According to Zheng Xuan's Preface to Poetry, it is Martin Zhu Lin, which spans about 600 years.
There are two versions about the lost collection of The Book of Songs: "Wang Guan collected poems" and "Confucius deleted poems":
Crown collects poems.
It is recorded in Hanshu Shihuozhi that the Zhou court sent special envoys to collect folk songs all over the country during the busy farming season, which were collected by Zhou historians and presented to the emperor to understand the people's feelings.
Confucius deleted poems
This statement can be found in Historical Records. It is said that there are 3,000 ancient poems, of which 300 were compiled by Confucius according to the standard of propriety and righteousness, and the book of songs was compiled.
At present, it is generally believed that The Book of Songs was collected by the vassal states with the assistance of the Zhou court, and then compiled by historians and musicians. Confucius also participated in the process of sorting out.
Style classification
Regarding the classification of poems in The Book of Songs, there is a saying of "four beginnings and six meanings". "Four Beginnings" refers to four top poems: Feng, Elegance, Ode. "Six meanings" refers to "wind, elegance, praise, fu, comparison and glory". "Style, elegance and praise" are the classification of the Book of Songs according to different music, and "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expressions of the Book of Songs.
Wind, elegance, praise
"Wind", also known as "national wind", has 15 group, and "wind" is the general term of music. 15 group is not music from 15 countries, but music from more than ten regions. The national wind includes 65,438+060 music songs, including, Yi, Wei, Wang, Zheng, Qi, Wei, Tang, Qin, Qian, Chen and Cao. The national wind was a popular local song at that time, with local color. In terms of content, most of them are folk songs. The authors are mostly folk singers, but there are also some nobles.
Have different views on you. One view is that it refers to the music directly ruled by the Zhou Dynasty, and "elegance" means "righteousness". This kind of music is regarded as "positive tone", which is intended to show the difference from music in other places. It is also said that "Ya" and "Xia" are interlinked, and Xia is the name of the region directly ruled by the Zhou Dynasty. There is also a view that "elegance" refers to elegant music that everyone can understand. Yayou 105, divided into Ya3174 articles. Elegant is mostly the works of court officials and doctors, and a few are folk songs. Its content is almost all about politics, some praise good people and good politics, and some satirize bad politics. There are only a few poems expressing personal feelings. But there are no love poems.
Ode is a musical work in which nobles worship ghosts and gods in temples and praise the merits of rulers. You should play with the dance. It is divided into Zhou Song, Truffle and Ode to Shang Dynasty, with 40 articles in total. Among them, Song of Zhou (3 1 piece) is considered to be a work of the Western Zhou Dynasty, mostly written before King Zhao of Zhou. 4 pieces of Truffles, probably works by Lu Xigong; Ode to Shang is considered to be the work of Song State before the Spring and Autumn Period.
Fu, Bi and Xing
"Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expression methods of poetry. Fu is a thing, describing the process of one thing. "Bi" is a metaphor, using one thing as a metaphor for another. "Xing" is the association from one thing to another.
Preface to Shi Mao
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, there were four schools that taught the Book of Songs. One is a Lu applicant, the other is Qi Ren Gu, and the other is Yan Ren Han Ying. But these three works, except the biography of Han poetry, no longer exist. The other is Shi Mao. That is, Mao Heng with heavy hair and Fang Zhouzi with little hair. Every existing Mao poem has a solution called "preface". Most of its authors cannot be censored. At present, it is generally believed that most explanatory texts are not credible except a few. But the order of Mao has a great influence on later generations. The ancients used explanations in their poems and articles.
Social and political poetry
There are three main categories.
1, a poem of the lower class attacking politics
2. Poems by officials expressing political dissatisfaction.
3. Calligraphy is a poem with depressed life and sad life.
Love Poem
This is the most important and famous part of The Book of Songs. For example, "Quiet Girl" is about pure love as a gift, quiet and beautiful; Naughty boys in Zheng Feng are girls' lovesickness; Nan Zhou Yao Tao is about women's marriage.
Evaluation and impact
The Book of Songs has a profound influence on China's literary history, politics, language and even thoughts.
Confucius spoke highly of The Book of Songs. Regarding the ideological content of The Book of Songs, he said, "There are 300 poems, in a word, thinking innocently". As far as its characteristics are concerned, it is "gentle and honest, and teaches poetry" (that is, it is considered that the Book of Songs has the function of clarifying the soul after reading, and it is the best policy as an educational tool). Confucius even said, "If you don't learn poetry, you have nothing to say", which shows the profound influence of The Book of Songs on China's ancient literature. Confucius believes that studying The Book of Songs can cultivate association, improve observation, learn satirical methods, and serve parents and monarchs with truth, so as to achieve the goal of managing the family, governing the country and leveling the world.
In ancient times, The Book of Songs also played a political role. In the diplomacy between countries in the Spring and Autumn Period, people often used the method of singing or playing poems to express something they didn't want to say or couldn't say, similar to the current diplomatic rhetoric.
The Book of Songs created China's literature for thousands of years, and also created China's realistic literary works for many years.
Nowadays, the study of The Book of Songs is more used to investigate the differences between ancient and modern phonology, or to study ancient history. There are countless works about the Book of Songs in ancient and modern times.
All Confucian classics, including The Book of Songs, were burned in the Qin Dynasty. However, because the Book of Songs is easy to remember and familiar to scholars, it spread in the Han Dynasty. In the early Han Dynasty, there were four schools that taught the Book of Songs, namely Qi Zhiyuan's drums, Lu Pei, Yan and Zhao Zhimao's harmony, which were collectively called Qi Shi, Lu Shi and He (the first two were named after the country, while the last two were named after the family). The Confucian Classics of Qi, Lu and Han schools are officially recognized schools, and Mao's poems belong to the Confucian Classics of Ancient Chinese, which is a folk school. However, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, Mao's poems became increasingly prosperous and gained official recognition. The first three schools gradually declined, and in the Southern Song Dynasty, they were completely lost. The Book of Songs that we saw today is a biography of the Mao School.
The opening of the book of songs
The first poem in The Book of Songs is Guan Ju of Nan Zhou, Guo Feng.
Guan Heming's osprey, accompanied by the small continent of the river. A beautiful and virtuous woman is a good spouse of a gentleman.
Mix shepherd's purse and salvage it from left to right. A beautiful and virtuous woman wakes up to pursue her.
If you can't pursue it, the black nightclub misses her during the day. Miss Long, I can't sleep over and over again.
Mix shepherd's purse and choose from left to right. A beautiful and virtuous woman came to her with a couple and a couple.
Pull shepherd's purse from left to right. A beautiful and virtuous woman rings the bell to please her.
Know the original meaning of "gentle and graceful". Quiet, elegant, profound and intelligent (not beautiful). It is important to know why the bird "pheasant dove" is used to "revive" the whole poem. Pheasant pigeon, a kind of osprey, was praised by the ancients as the king of pigeons because it only found one partner in its life.
The Book of Songs begins with this poem about the meaning of husband and wife. It can be seen that husband and wife are important in the traditional five-ethics relationship. Family breakdown will directly lead to an increase in crime rate (that is, the next generation will not be taken care of by their parents and will not study well). The rising crime rate directly affects social stability.
By the way, it is Guan Song. Many people know that there is a business song "Mysterious Bird of Destiny, Drop me to Big Business". However, it has long hair and a beautiful house. It may be Song Song.
Note: long hair
If you deepen your ideas and maintain your career, you will grow your hair. When the flood raged, Yu laid the earth and the foreign country was Xinjiang. A long time, a good general, the emperor set up a business.
Huan dial, from small countries, from big countries. If the performance rate does not exceed, it is regarded as both. Xiangtu is very powerful, and there are interceptions overseas.
The emperor's orders cannot be violated. As for Tang Qi. It's not too late to break the soup, holy one. If it is delayed, God will only command nine or so.
Accept small balls and big balls and compose music for the next country. At the end of the day, there is no competition, no rigidity and no softness. Politics is superior, and the Millennium is the best.
From small to large, for the next country, what is a dragon, Shi Qiyong. Don't shake, don't move, don't worry, the white deer is always there.
The prince of Wu carries the burden, and he has a sincere grasp. If the fire is fierce, I dare to die. There are three tillers in the bud, which you can't reach. Nine have cut, Wei Gu both cut, kunwu Xia Jie.
In the middle of the past, there were earthquakes and karma. Allow the son of heaven, surrender the Qing scholars, be realistic and flat, and actually control the Shang king.
Original reading: /shijing/index.htm
● Guofeng Nan Zhou
Guan Yu
Guan Heming's osprey, accompanied by the small continent of the river. A beautiful and virtuous woman is a good spouse of a gentleman.
Mix shepherd's purse and salvage it from left to right. A beautiful and virtuous woman wakes up to pursue her.
If you can't pursue it, the black nightclub misses her during the day. Miss Long, I can't sleep over and over again.
Mix shepherd's purse and choose from left to right. A beautiful and virtuous woman came to her with a couple and a couple.
Pull shepherd's purse from left to right. A beautiful and virtuous woman rings the bell to please her.
Ge Tan.
Ge's sadness applies to Zhong Gu's growth. Yellow birds fly in the air and gather in the bushes. They sing.
Ge's sadness applies to Zhong Gu and DOG. Okay, okay, okay, okay, okay.
Tell the teacher's family to go back. Dirt my personal affairs and wash my clothes. Hurt your parents.
Ear curl
Picked and picked, half a day less than a small basket. Well, I'm pregnant, so I went somewhere else.
I'm tired, Peter Trey. Let's pour the golden pot of wine first to comfort my grief.
Climbing up the high mountain ridge, the horse's legs are already soft and confused. Fill my glass and keep me away from my inner sadness.
Climbing up the rock with difficulty, the horse fell to one side wearily, and the servants were exhausted, but they were sad and worried!
Beech wood
There are elms in the south and kudzu in the tired. Music is only for a gentleman, and happiness is only for him.
There are elms in the south, and nothing grows. Happiness is only for gentlemen, and happiness is for yourself.
There are elms in the south, and arrowheads are entangled in them. Happiness is only a gentleman, and happiness is success.
○ katydids
Grasshoppers flap their wings and fly low in groups. You have many children and a prosperous family.
Grasshoppers flap their wings and swarms of flies buzz. Il's descendants. Rope. rope.
Grasshoppers spread their wings and bunched up all over the house. Your children are many, many and happy.
Yao Tao
Peach blossoms are in full bloom, colorful and fiery red. The girl is going to get married and be happy at her husband's house.
Peach blossoms are in full bloom and there are countless fruits. The girl is going to get married, and the heir who gave birth early is going to make a fortune.
Peach blossoms are in full bloom, and green leaves are lush and never fall. The girl is getting married, and Comix is in harmony.
○ Bunji
Susu's rabbit nest is its tintin. Warriors, Gonghou Gancheng.
Rabbits from Su Su are suitable for Zhong Kui. Beowulf, the prince loves his enemies.
Su Su avoids shackles and applies to Lin Zhong. Brave soldiers are public servants.
Yi
Take coix seed and pick it in thin words. Picking and collecting glutinous rice is a short story.
Pick and choose, make a short statement. Pick and collect the silk, and smooth the fine print.
Pick and choose, talk thin. Pick and choose, make a short statement.
A. Han guang
There are trees in the south, so don't rest. There are women on the Han River who want to pursue the impossible.
The Hanshui River is so vast that it is impossible to cross it. The river is so long that it is impossible to take a raft.
The firewood was mixed with wood, and the twigs of Vitex negundo were cut with a knife. The girl is getting married, so feed the horse quickly.
The Hanshui River is so vast that it is impossible to cross it. The river is so long that it is impossible to take a raft.
Firewood is thick, and wormwood is cut with a knife. Son of Yu Gui. Tell me about it.
The Hanshui River is so vast that it is impossible to cross it. The river is so long that it is impossible to take a raft.
Lu Fen.
Follow his grave and cut its pieces. If you don't see a gentleman, you will be hungry.
Cut along his grave. See a gentleman, don't give up.
Squid tail destroyed, royal family destroyed. Although destroyed, my parents are Confucius.
The end of the forest
The toe of Lin, the son of Zhenzhen, is in the forest.
Lin Zhizhi, Zhen surname, Yu Ming.
Corner of the forest, the vibration of the public, in the forest.
Since the Han Dynasty, there are more than 1,000 works that annotate the Book of Songs today, among which the most influential is Annotation to the History of Han Dynasty, which is called Shi Mao Jian Zheng. In the Tang Dynasty, people who were generous were called "Shi Mao Justice". There is a note from the Song Dynasty called Biography of Poetry. The most popular ones are Selected Notes of Modern People and Modern Translation.
Shi Mao Jian Zheng
Jian Zheng's Poems of Mao Zedong, Four Cups (20 volumes) and Four Series (20 volumes) are Han people's comments on The Book of Songs. Poems were handed down in the Han Dynasty. There are four schools of Qi, Lu, Han and Mao, and the theory of Qi, Lu and Han has been lost. Selected Poems of Mao is the abbreviation of Han Shuan's Biography of Poems. Heng, Lu people. Zheng Xuan wrote Jian in the later Han Dynasty; Zi Xuan Kangcheng, a famous Confucian scholar, was born in Gaomi (now Gaomi County, Shandong Province). Biography of Shi Mao mainly explains the vocabulary of this poem, and to a great extent retains some ancient meanings of the pre-Qin period. Every poem has its own preface. It is not enough to clarify the theme of the poem and promote feudalism with feudal ethics. Jian Zheng is mainly about Mao Zedong. When Mao Yi has some obscure points, for him, it means that if there is any difference, he has understood it and used three poems to clear it up. In terms of ideological content, we still can't follow the path taken by Biography of Mao Poetry.
Justice in Mao's Poetry
There are 70 volumes of Justice of Mao Poetry and Four Notes on Mao Poetry, which consist of Jian Zheng of Mao Poetry, Justice of Tang Kong Ying Da and Interpretation of Tang Lude's Ming Mao Poetry. Justice expounded Shi Mao Jian Zheng in detail. The interpretation of the text is a kind of annotation. Kong was born in Hengshui (now Hengshui County, Hebei Province). The official offered wine to the son of the country and was ordered by Emperor Taizong to write the Five Classics of Justice. Lu Deming, whose real name is Yuen Long and whose real name is Deming, was born in Wuxian (now Wuxian, Jiangsu) in the Tang Dynasty. When Tang Gaozu was a doctor in Guo Zi, he wrote Classic Interpretation. This book contains people's interpretations of the Book of Songs in the Han and Sui Dynasties, and is an important reference book for studying the Book of Songs.
Biography of poetry
Biography of Poetry has four notes and twenty volumes, written by Zhu (A.D. 1 130- 1200), a famous thinker and scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty. Xi has a deep personality and is from Wuyuan (now Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province). This book combines Shi Mao, Jian Zheng and three poems, trying to explore the original meaning of The Book of Songs. Whether the interpretation of the poem can break through the old theory of the preface to poetry, if it can not be solved, it is doubtful. Some views are more pertinent than those of Shi Mao and Jian Zheng, but they are also subjective. Here, all the works involving love in the Book of Songs are dismissed as "adultery between men and women", and the love between men and women is measured from the perspective of feudal morality, which distorts the content of the works. The text of this book is relatively simple and easy to understand, with explanations, exegesis of chapters and sentences, brief comments on poetry expressions, and anti-tangent pronunciation, which is convenient for learning and reference.
Selected books of songs
Notes on Modern Yu Guanying, People's Literature Publishing House. A total of 90 poems were selected, including 2 poems about Zhou Song, 3 poems about elegance, 16 poems about Xiaoya, and the rest poems about wind. Each article is accompanied by notes. In addition to explaining words and phrases, notes will also be interpreted in series when necessary, and finally explain the meaning of the article. The selected poems are all excellent works, which truly reflect the life of all social strata at that time. The notes are negotiable, but they are convenient for beginners to read.
Selected translation of national style
Modern Chen Zizhan, Classical Literature Publishing House. This book selects 80 articles from the 160 articles in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, each with translation, annotation and problem solving. Before and after each group of wind poems, there are excerpts from Gu's interpretation of Mao's poems. The translation should be correct and fluent, while retaining its original flavor and folk physique, and be compared with the original for easy browsing and comparison. Hui Zhu pays special attention to the achievements of scholars in the Qing Dynasty in studying the Book of Songs, tries to be close to the original meaning of the poem, and briefly criticizes the advantages and disadvantages of The Preface to Poetry. But the author also has many advantages, so when reading, we must strictly distinguish.
Selected translations of Song Ya.
Modern Chen Zizhan, Classical Literature Publishing House. This is a companion piece of the editor's choice of national style. From the 145 "Ya" and "Ode" in The Book of Songs, 60 are excellent works. Considering the theme, style and life of all social strata in that era, we can also get a glimpse of the basic features of The Book of Songs. Annotations are still in the form of notes, and solving problems is also a comprehensive theory, a critical theory, or putting forward opinions and questions. The shortcomings in the book are the same as those in Selected Translation of National Style.