Nature education thought is the fundamental thought of Rousseau's education theory, which has far-reaching influence.
Firstly, it introduces Rousseau's theory of nature education.
Emile is a five-volume book. Rousseau put forward the principles, contents and methods of educating children of different ages according to their age.
In the first volume, it focuses on how to carry out physical education for babies before the age of two, so that children can develop naturally.
Rousseau advocated that babies should be raised by their parents from birth to 2 years old.
He thinks that the children's first nurse is their mother and their first teacher is their father.
Parents should not evade the responsibility of raising children under any pretext.
He also pointed out that young children not only need careful maintenance, but more importantly, exercise, because exercise helps to resist disasters.
Rousseau opposes spoiling children and spoiling them.
In the second volume, he thinks that children between the ages of two and twelve are still asleep and lack thinking ability, so he advocates sensory education for children in this period.
In various specific expositions of sensory education, some viewpoints are too biased and not comprehensive enough.
These are all shortcomings in his thought.
However, Rousseau, as a great thinker, was the first to study the significance, content and specific methods of external sensory education in detail in the history of education, and there are many things for reference.
In the third volume, he thinks that teenagers aged 12 to 15 have already had some experience through sensory perception, so he mainly discusses their intellectual education.
Rousseau demanded that teaching must conform to children's psychological development level.
He said that children have their own methods of observation, thinking and feeling in childhood, and it is the most stupid to try to replace children's methods with adult methods.
He stressed that different methods should be adopted according to the age of children.
Rousseau also pointed out that teaching must inspire students to think and guide them to acquire knowledge consciously.
He asked the teacher to guide the students to observe, analyze, compare and summarize.
Teachers should talk less and students should ask more.
In the fourth volume, he thinks that 15-year-old teenagers begin to enter the society, so he mainly discusses their moral education.
In the fifth volume, he thinks that Young Men and Women mainly discusses the education of women and the love education of young men and women because of the needs of natural development.
Of course, his method of teaching physical education, intellectual education and moral education by stages is unscientific.
However, Rousseau put forward that education should be divided into different stages according to age characteristics, and each stage has its own emphasis. This paper discussed it in detail, revealing some laws of children, teenagers and adolescents' physical and mental development and changes and its profound significance to education.
This is a great progress in the history of education, which provides extremely valuable enlightenment for the development of pedagogy, especially the development of educational science.
Second, the content of Rousseau's educational thought
1. Attach importance to moral education
Rousseau believes that the main task of moral education is to cultivate good feelings, good judgment and good will, and its core is fraternity.
The purpose of life is nothing more than loving human beings and making everyone happy.
He said, "teach your students to love all people, even those who despise the people." "In the natural order, all people are equal, and their common responsibility is to acquire character; No matter who he is, as long as he has a good education in this field, he will not lack the character commensurate with him ... Going out from my door, I admit that he is neither a civil servant nor a martial man, nor a monk. He is first and foremost a person: he knows how to be a man, and he can do his duty to anyone in an emergency; Fate can't change his position, he will always be in his position. " Just imagine, in today's rich material civilization, is our spiritual civilization progressing simultaneously? Has every citizen fulfilled his responsibility as a human being?
Rousseau believes that cultivating the feelings and thoughts of a kind lover cannot rely on preaching, but on understanding society and human poverty and suffering through observation.
Because people who have experienced hardships will naturally have the thoughts and feelings of sympathy and care for the unfortunate.
The cultivation of good judgment is mainly through learning J history and biographies of great men, from which we can learn to distinguish good from evil, while the cultivation of good will is through the practice of behavior.
His thoughts always shine with the light of noble morality.
Confucius said, "Disciples are filial when they enter, brothers when they leave, and faithfulness when they believe. If he loves the masses more than others, he will study literature. " It can be seen that Confucius believes that only the cultivation of morality and morality can lead to the education of specialized knowledge.
Mencius said that the purpose of education is to restore goodness and expand goodness: "There is no other way to learn, please rest assured."
("On Accusation") "Keep your heart and cultivate your sex." Gou Zi said that the purpose of education is to get rid of evil and plant good, so that people's nature "will change if they don't return to their roots for a long time."
("Careful") Later, various scholars such as Dong Zhongshu, Han Yu, Zhu, Wang Yangming and so on all expounded their educational thoughts. Generally, they taught people to be kind first and then asked questions. The knowledge of China's sages lies in kindness and behavior.
Cai Yuanpei, who played an important role in the establishment of modern education in China, pointed out when expounding his educational thoughts: "Educators are also the cause of cultivating personality.
But mechanical education is only used to instill knowledge and practical skills, not ideals, so it should not be used for human beings. "
Qin Wenjun, a famous writer of children's literature, said: "The basic things of our primary and secondary education are really solid, but we just lack some spiritual things.
What is the fundamental purpose of education? I think the ultimate goal is to let children know how to love, know how to create freely, really love their motherland, understand and be willing to create a beautiful world, and learn to appreciate life, people and art at the same time, and this appreciation is not forced; We should also learn to get along with others and learn to survive.
These will change people's temperament realm.
In a word, I think the best education should be to cultivate children's yearning for beauty. When they learn the ability to live independently, they should also establish an independent spirit and personality. "
What happened in Ma Jiajue is still shocking.
To some extent, Ma Jiajue is actually uneducated, because a truly educated person must first have a good idea. With good ideas, he can distinguish right from wrong, know good and evil, and learn beauty and ugliness.
People's education is first of all the education of good thoughts and character. This kind of education must seize the opportunity in childhood. Once you relax, it will be more difficult to make up later.
At the same time, it can be done not by a few ideological and moral lessons, but also by the joint efforts of schools, families and society. It is not empty preaching that can make people kind and become a noble person. It is necessary to cultivate and imperceptibly edify in a good atmosphere for a long time in order to form excellent quality and become a person who is beneficial to society.
This undoubtedly sounded the alarm for our current moral education.
2. Student-oriented educational thought
The core of Rousseau's educational thought is the theory of natural education, and the purpose of natural education is to cultivate "nature" whose natural nature is fully developed.
This kind of ideological education must conform to the natural course of children's natural development, that is, follow the characteristics of children's physical and mental development, while respecting children's personality characteristics.
Rousseau proved this. He understood education as "natural education", "human education" and "material education", and the latter two realized the coordination of the three on the basis of following the former.
Rousseau's natural education theory has some extreme views, such as the supremacy of nature, and education is regarded as natural growth. At that time, this thought had great progressive significance in anti-feudal education. He demanded respect for children's freedom and interest, and encouraged students to actively and consciously master useful knowledge through their own field observation and real life.
He put forward that the subject of education must be children, and the role of teachers is to inspire, guide and encourage children to learn actively. All these show that Rousseau opposes the thoroughness of traditional teaching. This idea, which emphasizes that children are the main body of education, has set a precedent for modern educational theory.
Rousseau said: "naturally, children want to look like children before they become adults." If this order is disrupted, it will bear some precocious fruits, which are neither full nor sweet, and will soon rot. " We will create some young doctors and older children. "... (9 1 ~ 92) He repeatedly emphasized" teaching students in accordance with their aptitude "... (9 1 ~ 92).
Education that adapts to children's physical and mental development must also respect children's personality.
Rousseau believes that every child's psychology has its own form and must be educated according to the individual form. Only in this way can we succeed.
Rousseau demanded that education should proceed from children's reality, stimulate children's interests and needs, give play to their initiative and creativity, and make their body and mind develop smoothly.
Rousseau, as an ideological enlightener during the French Revolution, hated social inequality the most. He strongly advocates equality for all. More than 200 years ago, he put forward the equality between teachers and students who participated in the education process.
He asked young teachers to treat students as a complete "nature". In his view, it is more effective to respect children than to always pull them to run.
His thought is exactly what our country's educational reform advocates, that is, teachers should treat students as human beings, teachers should "have a purpose in mind", teachers should not treat students as their own private property, and they should respect children's complete personality.
For a long time, China's education did not pay attention to students' individual dignity, and thought that students should obey their teachers, and that students should respect what teachers said is the imperial edict.
In this way, obedient children were finally cultivated, but they were deprived of the right to speak.
Respecting every student and putting people first are the basic requirements for every teacher.
This requires teachers to change their ideas, walk off the altar, put down their airs, take students as the main body, respect students and understand them, so as to achieve the best educational effect.
At present, we vigorously advocate subjective education, which can be said to be in the same strain as Rousseau's student-centered educational thought. As an extremely important part of the educated, education is a purposeful, planned and organized social practice activity to cultivate people. Its basic function is to transform the accumulated experience of human production struggle and social life into the wisdom, talent and quality of the educated, so that their body and mind can develop and become the main body or master of social and historical activities.
Only such people can actively participate in social life and make contributions to social progress.
In this sense, education is essentially a process of cultivating individual subjectivity and a kind of subjectivity education.
Subjective education is a brand-new educational concept and methodology, and it is the essence of quality education. It is the ideal and pursuit of contemporary education to promote the all-round development of the subject quality of the educated.