I think all these achievements are due to his good Chinese education concept. I sum up the following two points:
First, set a far-sighted goal-"learning to be excellent is to be an official"
Confucius thinks that learning plays a great role. Luz: "A word can prosper the country." Speech is closely related to the rise and fall of the country. Yang Huo: "If you don't know what you are talking about, you can't know who you are." Speak from the heart, know who you are.
Because of the great role of learning, Confucius deleted the Six Classics as a teaching material and taught his disciples to study hard. Confucius said, "Six arts are also used to cure one. Ceremony is to save people, music is to make peace, books are things, poems are expressive, easy to deify, and spring and autumn are righteousness. " Here, Confucius raised the role of studying the Six Classics to the height of governing the country.
Confucius believes that The Book of Songs has seven functions. Yang Huo: "Poetry can be aroused, observed, grouped and resented; Your father is a thing, and your father is a distant thing; Know the names of birds, animals and plants. " Learning the Book of Songs is of great significance: it can stimulate people's imagination, improve people's ability to observe society, make people get along with each other and express resentment; You can serve your parents with the truth in the poem, and you can serve the monarch with the truth in the poem; You can know more about birds, animals and plants. These seven "abilities" are the seven functions of The Book of Songs; About ideological and political education, about emotional beauty, about social life, about Chinese knowledge, about literary accomplishment. So Confucius said, "If you don't learn poetry, you have nothing to say." (Ji Shi) If you don't study the Book of Songs, you won't be good at handling it, and you won't be good at diplomacy.
Another example: Confucius said, "If you don't learn etiquette, you can't stand." . (The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi) That is, if you don't study Li, you can't gain a foothold in society.
So, what kind of training goal did Confucius set? I will summarize them in three points:
1 advocates "culture" and "elegance" and opposes rhetoric.
Confucius said, "Without words, it is not far away." (Twenty-five Years of Zuo Zhuan's "xianggong") If there is no literary talent, it will not spread far. He also said: "The quality of the text is still good, and the quality is still good. The shackles of tigers and leopards are still the shackles of dogs and sheep. " (Yan Yuan) Literary talent is as important as content. For example, tiger and leopard and dog and sheep are the same after removing the hair of patterns and colors. This shows that Confucius pursues rich literary talent in language. The Analects of Confucius is a record of the dialogue between Confucius' disciples and Confucius. Some of them tell stories, and the descriptions of the characters are very vivid, which proves that Confucius and his disciples are literary.
Confucius also said: "Poetry, books and rituals are elegant." In other words, the poems and books used for praise are all elegant. For example, "My son comes home", "My Fair Lady, My Gentleman is a good gentleman" and so on. Confucius demanded that the rites of Zhou be the code of conduct and the words of poetry and books be the standard words.
Confucius opposed rhetoric. He said: "Clever words make color, fresh and kind." (Cher) There is no virtue in sweet words and flattering faces. He also said: "Rhetoric is chaotic." Indeed, today, those flatterers are all cancers that devour social justice.
2. Advocate "benevolence" and "courtesy" and stress honesty.
"Xianwen": "Where there is virtue, there must be words; Those who have words may not have virtue. " Words are closely related to morality. Where does "virtue" come from? Relying on the advocacy and practice of "benevolence" and "courtesy"
Advocating benevolence, righteousness, propriety and righteousness is the core of Confucius' educational thought, and it is also the core of Confucius' Chinese educational thought.
There are 58 chapters in The Analects of Confucius, and there are more than 100 references to the word "benevolence", which shows that Confucius attaches importance to "benevolence". An important goal of learning is to pursue this "benevolence", which is the so-called "benevolence"
Benevolence is the core of ceremony. Yan Yuan: "Confucius said: see no evil, don't listen if you are indecent, don't speak if you are indecent, and don't move if you are indecent." Don't look at indecent things, listen to indecent comments, say indecent things and do indecent things. The so-called Zhou Zhili is the etiquette that conforms to the slavery society.
"Yong Ye": "A gentleman has literary talent, so he can be a gift to him or a husband." A gentleman learns from cultural classics and uses Li Zhoulai to restrain himself. In this way, he can stop dreaming and have an accident. If you want to learn literature, you must meet with etiquette. It can be seen that learning literature and learning etiquette are closely combined.
Be kind, polite and honest. Gongye Chang: "I start from others, I listen to me and believe in me;" Today, I am also a person, listening to his words and watching his actions. " At first, I believed in people's behavior after listening to his words; Now I treat people, listen to their words and observe their actions. Luz: "Words must be done, and actions must be fruitful." Words and actions, actions and results are closely linked. With this statement, there must be this trip, and with this trip, there must be this result. Consistency in words and deeds is honesty.
Study: "Make friends and keep your word." You should be honest and trustworthy when dealing with friends. "A gentleman doesn't think about eating enough, and he doesn't think about peace; Sensitive to things and cautious about words; Tao is right, and it can be said that it is also eager to learn. " A gentleman does not seek to eat enough and live comfortably; Work hard, talk seriously, learn from moral people and correct your shortcomings. Only in this way can we be regarded as a studious person.
"Ceng Zi said: A gentleman should make friends with literature and help others with benevolence." A gentleman should make friends with cultural knowledge such as poems and books and cultivate benevolence with the help of friends. It can be seen that making friends in good faith is helpful to the cultivation of benevolence.
3. Cultivate "virtue" and "talent" to be a political country.
Confucius said: "Being an official is the best way to learn, and learning is the best way to be an official." ("Zhang Zi") People who become officials should try their best to do their jobs well, but they should keep learning; Those who have never been an official will not be an official until their academic performance is excellent. These two sentences point out the inseparable relationship between learning and being an official.
In order to make students learn to be politicians, Confucius first paid special attention to moral education. Confucius said: "Be ambitious in Tao, be virtuous in virtue, be benevolent in benevolence, and wander in art", that is to say, students should have lofty ideals and aspirations, noble moral sentiments, broad humanitarian spirit, extensive business knowledge and superb business skills. In today's words, it is "having both ability and political integrity". The first three articles focus on morality, and the last one focuses on talent, taking morality first.
Confucius said, "Disciples are filial when they enter, and filial when they leave. They sincerely believe that they love people all the time, but they are kind. I have spare capacity to study literature. " ("Learning from Time") Young people must first respect their parents, respect their brothers, keep their promises, love the public, and be kind to the people; After doing this well, I have extra motivation to learn literature. This paper not only emphasizes the moral first, but also points out that moral education includes filial piety, filial piety, faith and benevolence.
In order to make students become political talents with both ability and political integrity, Confucius deleted the Six Classics as a teaching material to cultivate students' virtue and talents. He said: "gentle and honest, poetry teaches; Is far from telling, book teaching; Broad and easy to be good, "music" teaches also; Clean and subtle, "Yi" teaches also; Zhuang Jing and Li also teach; It is a matter of rhetoric, and it is taught in the Spring and Autumn Period. " (Interpretation of the Book of Rites) That is, gentle words and sincere temperament are the result of education with the Book of Songs; Proficient in political affairs, making the past serve the present and being far-sighted are the results of reading Shangshu. All-inclusive mind and open-minded and fluent temperament are the results of musical accomplishment; A person's heart is as clean as washing, and he can know the subtleties of heaven and earth, which is the result of studying Zhouyi. Modesty and simplicity, sincere respect for others, is the result of learning "courtesy"; Being familiar with the history of other countries and being able to compare their political gains and losses is the result of reading Chunqiu.
Since the highest goal of learning is to "rule the country and level the world", Confucius, as a teacher, strongly recommends talents. Confucius recommended all his disciples, as long as they studied well and were really talented. Confucius said, "Peace can also make the South." (Yong Ye) That is to say, his disciple ran yong can be the head of a place or a department. "Confucius said Zhong Gong said: The son of the tiller has horns. Although he wants to use it, where can he come from? "("Yong Ye "), that is, Confucius talked about the Palace (that is, ran yong), saying that the calf born by the plowman was neat in color and straight in angle. Although he doesn't want to use it as a sacrifice, will the god of mountains and rivers give up? Since Nakamiya is a very virtuous person, how can he abandon his father because he is cheap?
Second, there is a strange trick of teaching and educating people-"persuasion"
Confucius is an epoch-making thinker and educator in China. His disciples praised him as "obedient and charming" (Historical Records of Confucius' Family). Where is "goodness"?
1, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Namely: insist on giving different education to different objects in teaching. Confucius said: "Above the middle, it can also be discussed; China people, beyond words "("Yong Ye "). This is to some extent: people with above average level should teach advanced knowledge; Don't impart difficult knowledge to people whose level is below average. It is precisely because of different education according to everyone's characteristics that Confucius has cultivated talents with their own specialties in "morality, language, politics and literature".
2. Interest comes first. Confucius said, "Nine times out of ten, I am interested in learning, and I will stand at thirty." (For politics) His education for students began with "learning", emphasizing that students should have lofty aspirations and lofty ideals. So he said, "The knower is not as good as the good, and the good is not as good as the happy." (Yongye) People who know can't keep up with those who like it, and those who like it can't keep up with those who are willing to implement it. Let students set lofty goals in life, cultivate their strong interest in learning Chinese and actively participate in Chinese practice activities.
3. Inspiration and induction. Confucius advocated that "if you don't get angry, you won't get angry, and if you don't get angry, you won't get angry" (Shuer), that is to say, students should not enlighten them before they are thirsty for knowledge; Don't inspire him until you want to say it and can't say it. In teaching, Confucius always uses the metaphor of "drawing inferences from one instance to another" to help students understand difficult problems. And students are required to "draw inferences from others" and achieve mastery through a comprehensive study.
4. Listen and watch more. "Eternal Night": "Listen to doubts more, and be cautious, then less; You look too embarrassed, and the rest will be done seriously, and you will regret it. " Listen more, if you have doubts, it is no less than making judgments. If you have questions, you should say them carefully, so that you can make fewer mistakes. Read more books, avoid dangerous things, and do certain things so that you won't regret it. Listening and watching more is a basic way to put words well and do things well. There are more than 50 words "smell" and 70 words "see" in The Analects of Confucius, which shows its importance.
5. Combination of learning and thinking. Politics: "Learning without thinking is useless (deceived), thinking without learning is dangerous (confused)." If you only study without thinking, you will be at a loss and get nothing; Only thinking without learning, its thinking is unfounded fantasy, and it will also fall into a confused situation. Paying equal attention to learning and thinking, and combining learning and thinking is a necessary way to acquire knowledge.
6. Learn new things by reviewing the old ones. "learning": "learning while learning"; "For politics": "Review the past and learn the new"; Xue Ji: "Tell the people you used to know". All these mean that review is an indispensable means to consolidate old knowledge and increase new knowledge, and knowledge acquisition is based on regular practice and review. Our teachers should abandon "cramming" and ensure that students have enough time to practice and review.
7. Ask if you don't understand. Confucius objected to pretending not to know. He believes that "knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is also" (political science). Confucius advocated "no intention (no subjective speculation), no necessity (no arbitrariness), no reality (no firm opinion) and no ego (not only I am right)" (Zi Han). Therefore, he advocates asking more questions and giving high praise and affirmative answers to students' questions. Bashu: "Confucius said: Big question!" This question is pertinent and of great significance. Yan Yuan: "Confucius said: Kindly ask!" Good question. There are more than 100 questions in the Analects of Confucius: benevolence, courtesy, politics, filial piety, knowledge, scholars, shame, politics, gentlemen, adults and so on. In addition, Confucius asked himself and answered himself, and the students answered, which gave him a different teacher style. Confucius also attached importance to learning from each other, learning from each other's strengths, and educating students to be "sensitive and eager to learn, and not ashamed to ask questions." Confucius often asks others about things he doesn't understand. He said, "A threesome requires a teacher." ("Shu Er"). The students praised him as an erudite teacher. Under his influence, student Ceng Zi put forward "We should ask more questions" (in Taber).
8. Never get tired of studying. Xue Ji: The poem is like a cloud, like cutting, like discussing, like cutting, like grinding. "learning is like a tool for processing bones, which needs to be cut and groped; Just like processing jade, you have to grind it when you cut it. This requires the spirit of "never tire of learning". Confucius himself not only "never tires of learning", but also "never tires of teaching", which is undoubtedly a living example for students.