-On Ou dialect in southern Zhejiang.

Xu Yongmin (325 100) Shangtang Middle School, Yongjia County, Zhejiang Province

Provincial Putonghua Proficiency Tester: Zhejiang Yu ZiNo. 1092

Ou dialect is the main dialect in Wenzhou, which is distributed in the lower reaches of Oujiang River, Feiyun River and Aojiang River Basin in southern Zhejiang. Wenzhou City and Yongjia County are pure European-speaking areas. Yongjia County dialect is spoken in most areas except a few border villages. Shangtang, the county seat near Wenzhou, can represent Yongjia dialect. The author is a native of Shangtang and works in Shangtang, so he knows more about the phonology of Shangtang. How can Shangtang people learn Mandarin well and improve their pronunciation quality? This paper discusses how testers can give targeted counseling to achieve the best results in the shortest time. Because I often hear some teachers who take part in counseling talk about how not to do it, how to learn and not to learn, how the tutor can't coach, and so on; Therefore, I want to further broaden my thinking and improve the quality of counseling through theoretical research.

The difference between Ou language and other Wu languages is very obvious, and the difference between Ou language and Putonghua is even greater, so non-Wu language areas can't understand it at all. However, Ou dialect has its own general phonetic features, belonging to Wu dialect Oujiang film.

In terms of initials, the initials of Ou dialect are still voiced. There are more voiced consonants in Wenzhou dialect than in Beijing dialect: [b] [d] [g] [dz] [d? ]。 The initials of the fricative sound are also divided into voiced consonants, with more [v] [z] [? ]。 There are more nasal initials than Beijing dialect. In Beijing dialect, the initials [n] and [? ] part of the initials, Wenzhou read [? ] initials. Wenzhou dialect has no warped initials, Beijing [t? 】【t？ '][? ] The initials Wenzhou merged into [? ] group or [? ] group initial letter ②. The initials of Shangtang phonology are the same as those of Wenzhou dialect, with a total of 28 initials, so I won't repeat them here.

In terms of vowels, the rhymes of Song in Wu dialect are mostly pronounced as "model" rhymes, such as "river" and "lake". Most Wu dialects with the words "salty" and "mountain" have no nasal rhyme, such as "three", read [SA44]; "Dan", pronounced [ta44], is a single vowel. Most of the European languages that violate rhyme and true rhyme read [ag][iag]. As a new heart. The rhyme endings of Tang, Jiang and Yang fall off, and the word "steel, Jiang, gun and cavity" has no nasal rhyme endings. Shangtang phonology has 7 vowels and 37 vowels more than Wenzhou dialect. Among them, there are [? ][][? ][? ][? ][g] and other syllables.

In terms of tone, there are eight types of monosyllabic tones in Wenzhou dialect:

① Yin Ping 44 An leads a new class ② Yangping 3 1 Maeda Sheep.

③ 454 pieces of Yingukou Liangcao; ④ There are 243 pieces of Yang, thick and old.

⑤ Yin to 42 Menghanbu ⑤ Yang to 22 harms the shore.

⑦ Yin entered 348 rounds, and ⑧ Yang entered 2 13, which forced Bai Yue.

Generally speaking, these eight tones are divided according to the ancient four tones, with the voiced initials being yin and the voiced initials being yang. The actual adjustment value of the negative entry is 334, and the actual adjustment value of the positive entry is 1 13④.

The difference between the above rhymes and Mandarin has brought great difficulties to Shangtang people in learning Mandarin. However, as long as the training teachers can pay attention to the reality and the teaching is targeted, the quality of counseling will definitely improve.

First, help students enhance their self-confidence.

Our students are all on-the-job teachers, limited by age and time, and generally lack confidence in learning Mandarin. In addition, many teachers only learn Putonghua as a means to pass the customs, and they don't pay enough attention to it ideologically. They just come to familiarize themselves with the testers and learn some simple and convenient methods. More teachers have no confidence because of poor foundation, such as non-Chinese teachers in middle schools. For example, a math teacher in our school has taken the exam three times, and he told me that if he failed this time, he would not take the exam.

The above problems are often encountered when we tutor teachers in Putonghua. We should build up their confidence and attract their attention ideologically. As modern teachers, it is their unshirkable responsibility to learn Mandarin well. I hope they believe in their teaching ability and sincerity. Secondly, I introduced my own experience of learning Mandarin to them. Thirdly, through demonstration, I can convey a standard pronunciation and beautiful voice to them, because I have specially studied vocal music. This can make them feel that as a Shangtang person, it is entirely possible to learn Mandarin well, thus stimulating their desire to learn Mandarin.

Second, according to students' pronunciation, focus on students' pronunciation to improve the pronunciation effect.

The distribution of students' Putonghua pronunciation is complicated. In addition to primary school teachers who have received systematic phonetic learning in normal schools, middle school teachers, including Chinese teachers, are very vague about Putonghua pronunciation. Most teachers rely on their own feelings to pronounce, let nature take its course, and speak very distinctive Wenzhou Mandarin, and I don't know why, let alone why. During the tutoring process, many students said that it was really awkward and uncomfortable for me to speak Mandarin like this.

(1) Based on the phonetics theory of Putonghua, explain the phonological changes of Putonghua.

Learning Putonghua should put theory first and guide practice with theory, instead of letting students read after themselves blindly. Because, at this time, he can read, but at that time, he forgot. Therefore, teachers should teach teachers the classification and pronunciation methods of Putonghua phonology, and teach them pronunciation by means of diagrams, demonstrations and listening to recordings until they can pronounce.

(2) Take the corresponding laws as a breakthrough and conduct focused training.

It is necessary to find out the corresponding law between Shangtang dialect and Putonghua, list the relevant commonly used words and the common phonetic difficulties of students, and give them to students for explanation. The corresponding laws and dialectical methods of Shangtang dialect and Putonghua are briefly described as follows:

1, the voiced fricatives and voiced consonants in Shangtang dialect of Yangping, and the aspirated initials p t k c ch q are pronounced in Mandarin, while the words "Yangshang, Yangqu and Jin Yang" are not pronounced in Mandarin.

[b] p Pi Bo Pi Bo pats ②.

B quilt cover ④ advantages and disadvantages ⑧ white nose ⑧

The first camel

D's brother (4) handed the beans (6) read the poison on the enemy flute (8)

K ore mining

G ⑥

2. Shangtang dialect has no retroflex zh ch sh, so you can read your tongue flat when you become warped.

Methods and steps of syndrome differentiation: ① Compare the pronunciation position and methods of tongue curling behind the tip of the tongue, demonstrate with graphics, find out the feeling of loving the tongue and pronounce it correctly. 2 forced memory. ③ Contrast exercises. ④ Strengthen reading practice.

3.h and F are inseparable, such as "Hu" reading Fu and "West Lake" reading Fu.

In Mandarin, the throat sounds H and U are spelled together, that is to say, Hu speaks with his lips and teeth in Wenzhou dialect [vu]. One of the ways to correct it is to strengthen memory and remember several Chinese characters with Hu Yin.

4. There is no [ou] sound in Shangtang dialect, and most of the [ou] sounds are pronounced as [ou], such as "Doudou steals through and throws it far away, and it is thick enough to make a ditch hook after looking for sorrow".

In teaching, the European sound is a key point, and students lack movement when pronouncing this sound, and tend to pronounce it as the European sound.

Correction method: teach European pronunciation process. Considering the shape of lips, there is a tendency for larger round lips to move to smaller round lips.

5. About uo syllables

Words with uo syllables in Mandarin are distributed in U and O syllables of Yongjia dialect in Wenzhou, and several pairs of vowels are monosyllabic. Only a few words such as "fire, fire and fire" are still pronounced as fire.

Pronounced u

Fruit: Pot stickers: a pack of 44, 454 fruits, full 42,

Fire: fire helps disaster (this word is pronounced as voiced in Yongjia dialect [vu]),

Pronounced o

Double team: Dodge 454 and Chop 42.

Drag 44, spit 42

[D]: Camels carry rudder inertia

Luo: Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo.

Left: 3 1, do 42,

Cuo: rub 44, shift 42,

Cable: cable 44, cable 454, cable 34,

Guo: 34,

K: width 34,

Others who have both written and written reading are temporarily excluded. Zhuo syllable is pronounced as [? Yo], such as grabbing the table and pecking.

6. There are no nasal vowels such as An En in Shangtang dialect.

The teaching of anterior nasal sounds is a difficult and most important thing, which is not comparable to the phonetic system of Wenzhou dialect. Basically, it can be said that it starts from scratch and belongs to a zero starting point.

Corrective methods: ① Teach pronunciation parts and methods, and pay special attention to graphically displaying the position of upper gums. (2) In teaching, I concluded that the lip shape of the front nasal sound is slightly flat, and the corners of the mouth are on both sides. (3) forcibly memorizing related words and phrases with nasal sounds. ④ Consolidate in reading aloud.

7. About the postnasal sound.

Most Wenzhou people think that the posterior nasal sound is very easy to pronounce, but it is a bit nondescript for untrained teachers to pronounce the posterior nasal sound as the anterior A. I tried to correct this group of sounds from the theory of Putonghua, but it didn't work. They didn't pronounce an a at all

There are two retronasal sounds in Wenzhou dialect, which are high-spirited and can be broken through.

For example, "Benben" is pronounced bang44, which is not as high as 55 in Mandarin, but it is basically the same, which can solve the problem of "Bangbang". Such as "pro" warehouse 44, you can send "warehouse cabin" and so on.

Of course, the post-nasal sound needs students to practice and consolidate it repeatedly and use it in reading aloud. Only in this way can the posterior nasal sound be done well.

8. In Wenzhou dialect, there is a voiced nasal sound [g] behind the tongue with its own syllables, such as "five senses lying down by mistake 522".

We can begin to practice the feeling of post-nasal sound from this part.

9. Wenzhou dialect has eight tones, which are divided into yin and yang horizontally and retain the tones of ancient Chinese.

There are many difficulties in tone teaching.

① Upgraded teaching. There is no similar tone value in Mandarin (35, linear) and Wenzhou dialect. It's easy to turn when pronouncing. Correction method: use a familiar noun, such as "Niu, Niang", to experience the feeling of straight line, and then extend it to other words. Or change the word "Shang Sheng" after it to "Shang Sheng" before it, so as to understand how to pronounce the Shang Sheng, such as "content" as "capacity" and the feeling of the second sound of the word "capacity".

(2) Teaching of tenor. The tone value of Mandarin is 2 1 14, which is simplified to 2 14. Judging from the training situation, it is very difficult for teachers to pronounce any good voice, and everyone thinks it is difficult to pronounce it well. The main problem is that the starting tone is too high to fall down, down to 1, up. It reads like 4 12. This is also the difficulty of tone teaching. Correction methods: ① Contrast the tone of Yang entering Wenzhou dialect. Yang -in is 2 13, which is basically like the top sound, but it is slightly higher when the radio is received. (2) Say the word "Yang Ru" in Wenzhou dialect: cite Li, etc. (3) contrast exercises, consolidate.

10. About light format and heavy format.

Southerners speak Mandarin with good pronunciation of initials, finals and tones, but their intonation is always different and they sound like southerners. One of the important factors is that they have not mastered the light and heavy formats of Mandarin words.

The last syllable of Wenzhou dialect is always in a relatively light position when the tone changes continuously, such as "factory, France, book, Yunnan, classmates, unity, going abroad, scientists, manuscripts, Taiji biography and concerts". In Wenzhou dialect, the previous word is always emphasized. It can be said that Wenzhou dialect vocabulary is basically the "most important, second important and most important" format. Therefore, when speaking Mandarin, we have to bring the tone of the format into Mandarin.

In tutoring, our teacher grasped the light and heavy forms of words and demonstrated them, but said they were unnatural. I think what is unnatural here is the dialect intonation, especially the reflection of light and heavy formats in Putonghua, which just shows the far-reaching influence of the first mother tongue.

At this time, I'm going to talk about the middle and upper reaches of nanxi river, that is, flower beds, LAM Raymond, Yantou and Hesheng, so as to distinguish the intonation of Shangtang dialect. It also shows that even if you learn Shanghang dialect instead of Shanghang tune, Shanghang people will hear it as soon as they hear it. In other words, even if the initials, finals and tones are well pronounced, if you don't learn the intonation of Putonghua, it will always be Southern Putonghua. It won't be standard mandarin.

Next, tell them how to send light format and reformat. (1) The intensity of syllables in Putonghua can be divided into four levels: heavy, medium, second light and lightest. Therefore, the light and heavy formats of disyllabic words in Putonghua can be divided into "medium-heavy, heavy-second light and heavy-lightest", and there are other light and heavy formats of disyllabic words. (2) The stressed syllables in Putonghua are generally long in sound, wide in range and relatively complete in tone type. The sound intensity often increases, but it is not the main one (Lindao, Wang Lijia, 1992). Theoretically speaking, the sound length is the most important, and most of the words in Putonghua are in medium-heavy format. Therefore, students are required to extend the last syllable. For example, the words "singing and swimming during the intermission of the competition, full of summoning, the magnetic field of the train knocking down the lights, and appropriately belittling the railway" need to send the last syllable in place and be longer.

1 1, about tongue sounds [? ] [? '] [? ] Pronunciation problem.

Wenzhou people's tongue sounds are a bit like interdental sounds, even sharp sounds are very serious. In fact, we can also solve the problem from dialect, because I found that many people still can't pronounce a tongue sound accurately after teaching the pronunciation position and method of tongue sound, and their teeth continue to touch their tongues.

In Wenzhou dialect, the initial is [? ] [? '] [? ], the initial of Mandarin is also [? ] [? ' ] [? 】, there are many that can be compared and trained. Such as "laugh" reading [? y？ 42], basically the same as "blood 5 1"; "Brothers" says [? Log44], the same as "Brother 55"; Reading "Today" [? Iag44], and "Jiang Jiang Jiang 55" is no different. As can be seen from these examples, change is not impossible.

(C) reading aloud as a breakthrough, strict training.

Over the years, in students' Putonghua learning and teachers' guidance, the first monosyllabic word and the second disyllabic word have been grasped very tightly, the teacher corrected them and the students worked hard. However, it is not enough to just grasp these two items. Because three readings and four lectures account for 70 points, accounting for? Strong. But according to what I have learned from students, many tutors attach much less importance to article 3 and article 4 than to article 1 and article 2. I lost a lot of points. Therefore, we should focus on oral practice on the basis of learning the pronunciation of factors and distinguishing mixed dialect words. As a training form, reading aloud can get twice the result with half the effort.

1, pronunciation

Most Wenzhou students have to solve the problems of flat tip of tongue, nasal sound before and after, rising tone and so on. All students have textbooks compiled by Zhejiang Language and Literature Working Committee and selected by Wenzhou Putonghua Training and Testing Center. There are 40 reading articles of two kinds of materials, among which the reading articles of "Guide to Putonghua Training and Testing" have phonetic notation, while the reading articles selected by Wenzhou Putonghua Training and Testing Center have no phonetic notation. First of all, we ask students to read through the articles to find out the flat tongue, nasal sound and tone, and then read the articles selected by Wenzhou Putonghua Training and Testing Center to strengthen their memory. In this process, we should make corrections at any time, and strive to implement every word so that everyone can do well in the exam.

2. Listen and read

This link is very important. It is natural for many students to complain that the tutor doesn't listen or read, and students welcome this teaching method. There are three advantages: first, the speed is relatively slow, which is convenient for beginners to listen to sounds and distinguish pronunciation; Second, teachers can hear questions in time or emphasize some difficult pronunciations at any time; Third, it is convenient for students to master the correct rhythm.

Step 3: Talk.

First, tell them how to grade oral English items, and ask them to minimize pronunciation errors and mispronounced words. Secondly, ask them to write a manuscript, be clear about the light tone, flat tongue, nasal sound and rising tone in the manuscript, and always pay attention to pronunciation. Finally, you can speak without a manuscript. Also, remind them that they should always pay attention to the accuracy of pronunciation when talking.

Thirdly, adjust students' mentality from the psychological point of view.

We say that exams have exam rules and psychology, and so does the Putonghua test, which must be observed. A nervous, serious and confident attitude is particularly important. Therefore, teachers should not only explain the importance and persistent value of hard training in Putonghua, but also encourage them to have a good examination room mentality, so that success is just around the corner.

note:

① Yan's Southern Zhejiang Ou Language, pp. 1 77, East China Normal University Press, 2000.

② ③ ④ Same as ①.

⑤ Xu Shirong's Volume Analysis of Disyllabic Words, Language Teaching and Research, No.2, 1982.

⑥ Song Xinqiao's Mandarin Language Training Course, p. 202, Jilin People's Publishing House, 1993.

⑦ Quoted from Jun Ye's Grammatical Function of Chinese Sentence Rhythm, 13, East China Normal University Press, 200 1.

⑧ Research on Putonghua Proficiency Test, Shanghai Education Press, 2002.

reference data

1, Yan Zhu's Southern Zhejiang Ou Language, East China Normal University Press, 2000.

2. Jun Ye's Grammatical Function of Chinese Sentence Rhythm, East China Normal University Press, 200 1.

3. Song Xinqiao's Putonghua Language Training Course, Jilin People's Publishing House, 1993.

4. Research on Putonghua Proficiency Test, Shanghai Education Press, 2002.

5. Modern Chinese (revised edition) edited by Huang Borong and Liao Xudong, Higher Education Press, 199 1 year.

6. Luo Changpei Wang Jun's Outline of General Phonetics, The Commercial Press, revised edition in 2002.