-Take the local geography of Zhang Lin as an example.
Xu Linwei Ji Fengyi Suxian
(Department of Geographical Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100000)
Abstract: Local geography teaching has been paid more and more attention by geography education circles, but how to choose local geography teaching cases has become a difficult problem for many teachers. This paper quotes the theory of "four layers in one", which emphasizes the integrity of natural layer, livelihood layer, organization layer and culture layer of rural geographical units, trying to provide new ideas for the excavation of rural geography teaching cases. Taking Zhang Lin as an example, this paper expounds how the "four-level integration" excavates the case of local geography teaching. The research holds that there are three advantages in excavating the "four-layer-in-one" case of local geography: reflecting the integrity of local geographical units, highlighting the locality of local geographical units and enhancing the story of local geography teaching. Teachers can try to adopt this kind of analytical thinking in the process of excavating local geography teaching cases.
Keywords: "four layers in one"; Local geography; Teaching cases; Zhang Lin
First, the origin of the study and the introduction of the theory of "four layers in one"
In recent years, geography education has realized the importance of local geography teaching, but how to carry out local geography teaching, especially how to choose local geography teaching cases, has become a difficult problem for geography teachers. In the teaching process, teachers usually introduce the geographical location, climate, topography, soil, hydrology and other natural geographical elements of local geographical units, followed by economic development, population, living customs, religious beliefs and other human geographical elements. This teaching idea can give students a comprehensive introduction to the basic situation of local geography, but it often ignores the interaction between different geographical elements.
"Four-level integration" can make up for the shortcomings of the above teaching ideas. "Four layers in one" is a method put forward by Zhou Shangyi, a cultural geographer, to analyze the regional human-land relationship system. She believes that the region is formed by "four layers", including natural layer, livelihood layer, organizational layer and cultural layer. Among them, the natural layer includes atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere, such as high temperature and rainy climate conditions; The livelihood layer includes regional life and production activities, such as rice cultivation; The organizational level includes social system and social organization network, such as production cooperatives; The cultural layer includes tangible material culture and intangible values, such as the attitude of intensive cultivation. These four levels are an interactive, unified and inseparable whole. When one layer changes, other layers will react, so it is "one". It can be seen that the "four-level integration" highlights the interaction between people (livelihood layer, organization layer and culture layer) and the land (natural layer), and also includes the interaction between layers, which embodies the regional and comprehensive characteristics of geography, and is more effective when applied to case mining in local geography teaching.
Taking the local geography of Zhang Lin as an example, this paper expounds the application of "four-level integration" in the case mining of local geography teaching, and probes into its advantages. The case materials are extracted from articles and related news reports published by Mr. Chen Xunxian and Mr. Yang Xingzhi. The academic contribution of this paper lies in providing new ideas for geography teachers to explore local geography teaching cases.
Second, the "four-level integration" excavation of Zhang Lin local geography teaching case display
Zhang Lin, named after the formation of camphor tree, is located in Chenghai District, Shantou City, Guangdong Province. Historically, the Maritime Silk Road in China has three important origins, one is Quanzhou Port in Fujian in the Southern Song Dynasty, the other is Moon Port in Zhangzhou in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and the last is Zhanglin Port in the middle of Qing Dynasty. Since the Qing Dynasty, many Chaoshan ancestors set out from Zhanglin Port to "go to Southeast Asia" for business, and Zhang Lin became a famous hometown of overseas Chinese, and the early transnational clan social network gradually formed. From the Qing Dynasty to the present, Zhang Lin has experienced three periods: rise, decline and revival. Starting from three different periods, this paper analyzes the different "four-layer integration" in each period (see figure 1).
1. the rise of camphor tree forest
The rise of camphor tree forest benefits from its natural geographical conditions and superior geographical location. Geographically, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Zhang Lin was located at the mouth of Hanjiang River, the largest river in Chaoshan Plain, so it was also called "the place where rivers and seas meet". Ships from the sea entered the Han River through Zhang Lin, and they could go north to Chaozhou Prefecture, the political and economic center of Chaoshan area at that time. In addition, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Zhang Lin had the advantage of wide harbor and deep water, allowing huge ships to enter and leave the harbor. Therefore, Zhang Lin was a better port among many ports in the southeast coast at that time.
The natural layer determines the livelihood layer. In the twenty-third year of Kangxi, the maritime ban was officially lifted, and Zhang Lin quickly became the gathering center of foreign trade in eastern Guangdong and southern Fujian. People have built eight business districts, namely Changfa, Gu Xin, Guangsheng, Xianqiao, Qiaxing, Shunxing, Yongxing and Yuan Xian, on both sides of the river port waterway, forming a pattern of "six clubs and eight streets" with six village cooperatives in Zhang Lin. The import and export goods of eastern Guangdong and southern Fujian are distributed in "Six Societies and Eight Streets", and the goods of "Six Societies and Eight Streets" abound, so it has the reputation of "Fairy House in the sky and Zhang Lin Street on the ground". At that time, the red-headed boat was a kind of maritime transportation. At that time, in order to strictly manage coastal ships and prevent pirates from invading them, the government stipulated that the bows of merchant ships engaged in ocean trade in Guangdong must be painted with red paint, so they were called "red-headed ships". At the peak of commerce and trade, the fleet of red-headed ships entering and leaving Zhang Lin exceeded 100, and each fleet had dozens of ships. Red-headed fleet transported ceramics, silk products, camphor and other goods produced in the southeast coast to Siam (now Thailand), Singapore, Brunei and other Southeast Asian countries, and also shipped back gold, agarwood, ivory and other items, gradually forming a transnational trade pattern across Chaoshan area, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam. "Jiake Shihai, shuttle back and forth, Fujian merchants and Zhejiang tourists, with huge sails and high masts like ants" vividly describes the prosperity of Zhang Lin's commerce and trade in that year.
The livelihood layer further affects the organizational layer. A large number of Chaoshan ancestors engaged in marine commercial activities. They took a red-headed boat from Zhang Lin to South Asia and took root in Southeast Asia, becoming the earliest overseas Chinese in Chaoshan. According to historical records, during the period from Qianlong to Xianfeng 100, as many as10.5 million Chaoshan people took a red-headed boat from Zhanglingu Port to Siam. For example, Yongzheng, the father of Emperor Wu Li Zheng Xin, was annexed by Siam, Jin Caihe, the leader of Raoping Longdu, and Chen Huanrong of Chen Jiali family. Most overseas Chinese do business with family businesses, and their employment methods that focus on consanguinity and geography have a great influence on the transnational flow of personnel. 7. Clan relations have also intensified the material and information exchange between countries. For example, overseas letters (including letters and remittances) of overseas Chinese were transported back to their relatives by red-headed ships, which accelerated the formation of transnational clan social networks.
The organizational layer has influenced the cultural layer. The red-headed boat carries the hope of a family or a family. Early Chaoshan overseas Chinese shed tears for their parents, wives and children, set foot on the red-headed boat and made a living in Nanyang. They risked their lives, went through stormy waves, and went to a foreign country, suffering from strangers and homesickness. However, they still struggle hard and gain a foothold in other places. Many expatriates who work outside the home gradually return to their hometowns in their later years, and invest a lot of their earned funds in the construction of houses and houses centered on ancestral temples. The concept of returning home has promoted the reconstruction of the relationship between man and land. Later generations summarized the overseas Chinese's brave struggle, hard struggle and love for their home and hometown as "the spirit of the red-headed boat". Zhang Lin's "four-layer integration" is: natural layer (where rivers and seas meet and the harbor is wide and deep)-livelihood layer (commercial economy)-organizational layer (transnational clan social network)-cultural layer (spiritual culture of the red-headed boat).
2. The decline of camphor tree forest
The natural layer in this period is reflected in the prosperity of Zhang Lin for nearly a hundred years. However, with the change of the coast and the siltation of rivers, Zhanglin Port gradually lost its previous geographical conditions of wide port and deep water. During the Tongzhi period, Zhanglin Port was only ten miles from the sea. The change of natural layer directly changed the original "four-layer integration" mode in Zhang Lin. At this time, the livelihood of Zhang Lin began to change. Larger ships can't enter Zhanglin Port directly, and the goods must be lightered by the ships that sell them. The development trend of Zhang Lin's commercial economy has turned sharply, and the prosperity of "Six Societies and Eight Streets" witnessed by commercial development has stopped and gradually declined. After the Opium War, Shantou Port replaced Zhanglin Port and became a maritime trade hub radiating Fujian and Guangdong, while Zhanglin was transformed into a commercial port in the mainland. Changes in the livelihood level have affected the organizational level, commercial activities no longer gather in Zhang Lin, people no longer go out to sea from Zhang Lin, and the original transnational clan social network has become loose. The only thing that is well preserved is the cultural layer. Although the red-headed boat has no entity in Zhang Lin, it has become a cultural symbol of Zhang Lin, especially the overseas Chinese and their descendants who are wandering in a foreign land have special plots about the spirit of the red-headed boat. At present, the emblem of Dong Zhang Friendship Association in Thailand is a red-headed boat. However, due to the lack of intensive transnational business activities, close social contacts and institutional constraints after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the existence of spirit lost the support of economic foundation, and the spiritual influence of red-headed ship gradually weakened.
Zhang Lin's "four-level integration" in this period is: natural layer (coastal changes and river siltation)-livelihood layer (decline of commercial economy)-organizational layer (loose transnational clan social network)-cultural layer (weakened red-headed boat spiritual culture).
3. The revival of camphor tree forest
After the reform and opening up, great changes have taken place in the social and economic environment. Zhang Lin no longer has the natural and geographical advantages of 200 years ago, and relying on the port to develop foreign trade and economy again does not meet the requirements of the current situation. How to promote the redevelopment of Zhang Lin characteristics in the fierce competition has become a difficult problem for local governments. In view of this period, we can use the theory of "four layers in one" to analyze it from bottom to top. Zhang Lin is the place where the Red Boat set sail in history, and the Red Boat Spirit is a unique local cultural resource in Zhang Lin. In recent years, the governments of Shantou City and Chenghai District, to which Zhang Lin belongs, have vigorously promoted the spirit of the red-headed boat, trying to make the spirit of the red-headed boat take root in people's hearts again and attach importance to the restoration and reconstruction of the social network of transnational clans of Chinese and overseas Chinese; At the same time, vigorously tap the cultural and economic potential, and build Zhang Lin into a tourist destination to display overseas Chinese culture. In order to achieve this goal, a social network led by the government has emerged at the organizational level, attracting the participation of all subjects. Government financial and social funds are gradually inclined to support the protection and development of Zhanglin ancient port, streets and lanes, and architectural features, and the former natural layer features reappear: some ancient rivers in Zhanglin ancient port have been relieved and restored, and the features of "six societies and eight streets" have also reappeared. According to statistics, Zhang Lin receives hundreds of overseas Chinese to seek their roots here every year, and thousands of tourists come here for sightseeing. Today's "four-layer integration" in Zhang Lin is: natural layer (site of Guganghe River)-livelihood layer (tourism with the theme of overseas Chinese culture)-organizational layer (social network led by local government)-cultural layer (revived red-headed boat spiritual culture).
Third, "four-level integration" to tap the advantages of local geography teaching cases
1. Highlight the integrity of the local geographical system
"Four layers in one" analyzes how the natural layer, livelihood layer, organization layer and culture layer interact, highlighting the integrity of the interaction between the humanities layer and the natural layer in the local geographical unit. This approach can avoid showing only the components of local geography piecemeal, and can also avoid emphasizing only the integrity of a certain aspect of natural or human geographical environment. According to the theory of "Four Layers in One", students can understand that Zhang Lin's early prosperity benefited from its superior geographical location and port conditions, while Zhang Lin's late decline was due to the loss of its superior natural geographical conditions. However, this does not mean that natural geographical conditions are the absolute limiting factors of local development. The case of Zhang Lin shows that the cultural layer accumulated locally can be used by people, which in turn affects the local organizational layer, livelihood layer and natural layer, thus promoting local rebirth.
2. Highlight the locality of local geographical units.
"Four-level integration" is conducive to better refining the locality of local geographical units. Regionality is produced in the long-term interaction at different levels, and finally becomes a unique attribute rooted in the place for a long time. According to the idea of "four layers in one", teachers can not only tell students how locality comes into being in the relationship between man and land, but also tell students how locality affects the relationship between man and land. In this case, the place of Zhang Lin contains the spirit of red-headed boat, with hard work, struggle and love for hometown. The spirit of red-headed boat is accumulated on the natural layer, livelihood layer and organization layer. Although Zhang Lin has lost its past trade prosperity, the spirit accumulated by red-headed boats can still be a new impetus for local development.
3. Enhance the story of local geography teaching.
"Four layers in one" is helpful to strengthen the story of local geography teaching. In classroom teaching, teachers no longer introduce the natural and humanistic elements of local geographical units piecemeal like mosaic collage, but vividly tell the story of the change of the relationship between local people and land. The case provided in this paper vividly tells the rise, decline and revival of Zhanglingu Port in the past three centuries. The story is: Since Kangxi relaxed the sea ban in Qing Dynasty, Zhanglin Port has become the largest seaport in eastern Guangdong by virtue of its superior geographical location and port conditions. Many Chaoshan ancestors set off from Zhang Lin by red-headed boat and crossed the ocean to make a living in Southeast Asia, forming the spirit of red-headed boat with local characteristics. With the changes and siltation of the coast, the camphor tree forest gradually declined. Today, the spirit of Zhang Lin Red-headed Boat has been promoted, the tourism economy with the theme of overseas Chinese culture has been developed, and Zhang Lin has ushered in new development opportunities. When students learn about Zhang Lin's rich history and culture, their love for this place will come to life.
Four. conclusion
In this paper, the theory of "four layers in one" is introduced as the idea of excavating local geography teaching cases, which makes the selection and excavation of local geography cases have rules to follow. "Four-layer integration" can analyze the interaction among natural layer, livelihood layer, organization layer and culture layer of local geographical units from top to bottom, instead of presenting geographical elements piecemeal, it can reflect the integrity of local geographical units, highlight the locality of local geographical units and enhance the story of local geographical teaching. Therefore, teachers can try to adopt this idea when excavating local geography teaching cases.
What needs to be emphasized is that this paper only provides an idea of case mining, not a complete teaching design. In teaching practice, teachers can combine various teaching forms, such as watching videos and field trips. Let students be familiar with the local geographical units and master the "four-layer integration" geographical thinking. Of course, the teaching effect needs to be further tested. In addition, at the current level of academic research, the theory of case mining in local geography teaching is relatively weak, which can not provide useful guidance for teaching practice, and the research in this area needs to be strengthened.
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