Pedagogy part
I. Introduction
Requirements:
1, master the research object and task of pedagogy.
2. Understand the main stages of pedagogy development, as well as the main educators and their representative works in each stage.
(A) the research object and task of pedagogy
1, the research object and task of pedagogy
Pedagogy is a science that studies educational objects and reveals educational laws. Educational phenomena include educational social phenomena and educational consciousness phenomena; The law of education is an inherent and inevitable connection between various factors in education and between education and people and things.
2. The relationship between pedagogy and educational principles and policies and educational practical experience.
(1) Principles and policies of unequal education in pedagogy
(2) Pedagogy is not equal to educational practical experience.
3. Pedagogy and Educational Science
Pedagogy is a basic subject in the huge educational science system.
(B) the development of pedagogy
1, the embryonic stage of pedagogy
The educational document Xue Ji, which appeared in the late Spring and Autumn Period in China; On the orator education in quintilian, Western Rome.
2. The emergence of independent pedagogy.
A series of educators and educations have emerged which have a great influence on later generations, starting from the Great Teaching Theory written by the Czech educator Comenius (1632).
Masterpiece; Locke's Random Talk on Education, Rousseau's Emile, Pestalozzi's Lienhard and Goddard, Herbart's General Pedagogy, Froebel's Human Education, Spencer's Education and Russia. The main viewpoints of Comenius, Herbart and Dewey.
3. The establishment of Marxist pedagogy
Krupskaya's National Education and Democratic System, Kalinin's On Communist Education, makarenko's On Communist Education and Education Poems, Kailov's Pedagogy and Yang Xianjiang's New Education Outline (1930).
4. The development of modern educational theory.
[Su] zankov's "Teaching and Development", which put forward five new teaching principles. Bruner's Educational Process, [Germany] Watt.
Genschein's Paradigm Teaching Theory. Piaget's Educational Science and Child Psychology. [Su] Suhomlinski's Advice to Teachers and Dedicating My Heart to Children.
(C) the significance of learning pedagogy
(1) helps to establish a correct educational thought and improve the consciousness of implementing China's socialist educational principles and policies;
(2) It is helpful to consolidate the professional thought of loving education and improve the quality of teachers in an all-round way; (3) It is helpful to know and master the laws of education and improve the level and ability of engaging in school education; (4) It is helpful to promote school education reform and educational scientific research.
Second, the nature of education and the basic laws of education
Requirements:
1. Learn the concepts of education, heredity and environment, as well as the relevant educational contents and purposes in various social and historical periods.
2. Grasp and understand the social attribute of education and the two basic laws of education.
3. Apply the above basic principles of education to explain and explain related educational phenomena.
(A) the nature of education
1, the basic concept of education
(1) generalized concept
It refers to all activities that purposefully improve people's knowledge and skills, develop people's intelligence and physical strength, and affect people's ideology and morality, including social education, school education and family education.
(2) the narrow concept
Refers to school education, which is a purposeful, planned, organized and systematic social activity conducted by educators according to the requirements of a certain society (or class) and the laws of the physical and mental development of the educated.
(3) Sometimes it is synonymous with ideological and moral education.
2. The essence of education
(1) The Essential Attribute of Education
Education is a social activity to cultivate people.
(2)① Education is eternal. Education is a unique social phenomenon of human beings and an eternal category. The two functions of education are: first, to make the new generation adapt to the existing productive forces and become a tool of production struggle; The second is to make the new generation adapt to the existing production relations and use it as a tool for class struggle in class society. ② Education is historic. ③ Education is relatively independent. Specifically, education has its own inheritance relationship;
Education should be influenced by other social ideologies; Education is not balanced with social, political and economic development. Its independence cannot be absolute.
3. The origin and development of education
(1) the origin of education
There have always been two wrong theories about the origin of education; The origin theory of educational biology represented by little, France; The origin of educational psychology represented by American Monroe.
Marx's labor origin theory.
(2) the development of education
① General situation of primitive social education. ② Education in ancient society, including slave society and feudal society. Names of slave society schools in China-Yao, Xu, Xiao, etc. The content of education is six arts-ceremony, music, shooting, royal, calligraphy and number; There are two famous education systems in European slave society-Spartan education and Athens education. The former pays attention to training brave soldiers, while the samurai education is almost entirely military gymnastics education, while the latter pays attention to training people who develop in all aspects, including politics, philosophy, art, literature, gymnastics and many other aspects. The two education systems in European feudal society-church education and knight education, the former trains priests and monks, and the education content is seven arts: including three disciplines (grammar, rhetoric and dialectics) and four.
Knowledge (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music), but all subjects run through theology; The latter trained feudal knights, and the education content was seven skills of knights: riding, swimming, fencing, hunting, throwing guns, playing chess and reciting poems. ③ Education in modern society, including education in capitalist society and education in socialist society.
General situation and new reform of education in capitalist society: characteristics of socialist education.
(B) the basic laws of education
1, the law of mutual restriction between education and social development
(1) Education and productivity restrict each other.
(1) The restriction of productivity on education (the restriction of productivity on the purpose and content of education, the scale and speed of education development, school structure, teaching methods, means and organizational forms); (2) the promotion of education to productivity (education is a necessary means of labor reproduction; Education is science.
Means of knowledge and technology reproduction; Education is a means to produce new scientific knowledge and technology.
(2) Education and social, political and economic systems restrict each other.
(1) the restriction of social political and economic system on education (the restriction of political and economic system on the nature, purpose, leadership and rights of education, etc.). )
Constraints); (2) The reaction of education to the social, political and economic system (education cultivates people with a certain class consciousness and maintains and consolidates a certain society.
Political and economic system; Education serves the political and economic system by influencing public opinion and morality; Education does not play a decisive role in social, political and economic systems.
2. The law of mutual restriction between education and human development.
(1) Main factors affecting human development
① The concept of heredity and the role of heredity in human development; ② The concept of environment, the role of environment in people's development and people's reflection on the environment.
It is a dynamic reflection; ③ The restriction of education on human development and the reasons why education plays a leading role in human development.
(2) the restriction of human development on education
(1) Education should adapt to the sequence and stages of human development and develop people step by step; ② Education should adapt to the imbalance of human development,
Give corresponding education in the critical period of physical and mental development; ③ Education should adapt to the stability and variability of human development, and should pay attention to both stability and variability, so as to fully tap children's development potential; ④ Education should adapt to the individual differences of human development and teach students in accordance with their aptitude.
Third, the purpose of education.
Requirements:
1. Learn the concepts of educational purpose, physical education, aesthetic education, and China's educational policy in the new period.
2. Understand the theoretical basis of educational purpose and Marx's theory of all-round development of human beings.
3. Explain the significance and task of physical education and aesthetic education, the organizational form of physical education and the implementation way of aesthetic education.
(A) the significance of educational purposes
1, the concept of educational purpose and training goal
The purpose of education stipulates what kind of person the educated are trained to be, which is the quality standard of cultivating people and the general requirement for the educated. Training objectives generally refer to the concretization of educational objectives of various educational institutions at all levels.
2. The significance of educational purpose
(1) The purpose of education is both the starting point and the destination of education;
(2) The purpose of education is to improve the quality of education.
(B) the basis for establishing the purpose of education
1, Marx's theory of man's all-round development
(1) The old division of labor produced the theory of man's all-round development.
(2) The large-scale industrial production of machinery provides the foundation and possibility for the all-round development of human beings.
(3) The socialist system is the social condition for realizing people's all-round development, and the combination of education and productive labor is the only way to realize people's all-round development.
2. Social mode of production
(1) The purpose of education is restricted by social productive forces.
(2) The purpose of education is also limited by certain relations of production and political views, systems and facilities based on such relations of production.
3. The needs of human development.
4. Establishment of educational purpose
Two theoretical viewpoints based on the establishment of educational purpose in the history of education;
(1) Theory of Individual Orientation and Its Key Points
(2) Social standard theory and main viewpoints.
(C) the purpose of education in China
1, the basic points of the purpose of socialist education in China
(1) Training workers with ideals, morality, education and discipline, or training builders and successors of the socialist cause, is the essential requirement of the national educational purpose.
(2) To make students develop morally, intellectually and physically in an all-round way is the quality requirement of the educated for the purpose of education in China.
(3) The combination of education and productive labor is the fundamental way to realize the educational goal of our country.
2. China's education policy
(1) 1957.
(2) Education policy promulgated by1958.
(3) the education policy promulgated by1981.
(4) China's education policy in the new period.
Education must serve socialist modernization and be combined with productive labor to cultivate builders and successors of socialist cause with all-round development in morality, intelligence and physique.
3. Quality education
(1) concept
Quality education is based on the actual needs of human development and social development, with the fundamental purpose of comprehensively improving students' basic quality.
(2) Significance
All-round development of educational content
1, moral education (see the theory and practice of moral education)
2. Intellectual education
(1) The significance of intellectual education
① Intellectual education plays an indispensable and increasingly important role in the construction of social civilization; ② Intellectual education plays a very important role in national development education.
(2) the task of intellectual education
(a) to impart systematic basic knowledge of science and culture to students and cultivate basic skills; ② Develop students' intelligence. Intelligence refers to the synthesis of relatively stable psychological characteristics that ensure people to carry out cognitive activities effectively. It includes observation, imagination, thinking, memory, attention and other factors, of which thinking ability is the decisive factor.
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