1. The structure of personality
Personality is a unique integrated model that constitutes a person's thoughts, emotions and behaviors. It is unique, stable, integrated and functional.
Personality is a complex structural system, which includes many components, including temperament, personality, cognitive style, self-regulation and so on. Self-regulation is an internal control system in personality, which has three subsystems: self-cognition, self-experience and self-control.
2. Freud's personality? Three me? structure
Freud divided the personality structure into three levels: id, ego and superego.
1, ID: Located at the bottom of personality structure, it is an energy system composed of innate instinct and desire, including various physiological needs. Id is unconscious and irrational. Follow the happy principle.
2. Ego: located in the middle layer of personality structure, it is different from ID, and its function is to adjust the contradiction between ID and superego. Follow the principle of reality.
3. superego: located at the highest level of personality structure. This is a moral self. Its function is: to suppress the impulse of the id; Monitor yourself; Pursuing perfection. Follow moral principles.
3. Personality Theory-Trait Theory
The theory of personality traits is an indicator of personality differences among individuals, which can be determined by psychological measurement.
1, "allport's theory of personality traits" allport first put forward the theory of personality traits. He divided personality traits into two categories: common traits and personality traits. The common feature is that in a certain social and cultural form. The same qualities shared by most people or groups. Personal characteristics are unique characteristics of individuals. Individual characteristics are divided into primary characteristics, central characteristics and secondary characteristics according to their functions in life.
(1) Primary trait is the most typical and generalized trait of a person, which affects all aspects of a person's behavior.
(2) Central characteristics are several important characteristics that constitute individual uniqueness.
(3) Secondary characteristics are some unimportant characteristics of individuals, which are often only shown under special circumstances.
2. "Cartel's Personality Trait Theory" Inspired by the periodic table of chemical elements, Cartel analyzed personality traits through factor analysis and put forward a theoretical model based on personality traits. The model is divided into four layers: individual characteristics and common characteristics; Surface features and root features; Physical characteristics and environmental characteristics; Motivation, ability, temperament.
A. surface characteristics and root characteristics. Surface features refer to features that can be directly observed from external behaviors; Root traits refer to those behavioral traits that are interrelated and based on the same reason. Surface traits and root traits can be individual traits or common traits. They are the most important layer in the personality hierarchy.
B. physical characteristics and environmental characteristics. In root system characteristics, it can be divided into two categories: physical characteristics and environmental characteristics. Physical characteristics are determined by congenital and biological factors; Environmental characteristics are determined by the acquired environment.
C. dynamic characteristics, ability characteristics and temperament characteristics. Dynamic trait refers to the trait with dynamic characteristics, which makes people tend to a certain goal; Ability is the difference between perception and movement, including fluid and crystal intelligence; Temperament is a trait that determines the speed and intensity of a person's emotional response.
3. "Modern Personality Trait Theory" Modern personality trait theories mainly include: three-factor model, five-factor model and seven-factor model.
(1) "Three-factor model" Eysenck proposed a three-factor model of personality based on factor analysis. These three factors are extroversion, neuroticism and spirituality. Extroversion shows the difference between introversion and extroversion; Neuroticism is characterized by differences in emotional stability; Spiritual quality is manifested as loneliness, indifference, hostility, eccentricity and other negative personality characteristics.
(2) The "five-factor model" analyzes the idiosyncratic variables of cartels through vocabulary, and puts forward five relatively stable factors: openness, responsibility, extroversion, agreeableness, nervousness or emotional stability.
(3) "Seven-factor model" Trigan uses different principles of word selection to get seven factors. Positive emotions, negative valence, positive valence, negative emotions, reliability, agreeableness and conventionality.
4. Personality theory-type theory
Type theory is a descriptive indicator of personality differences among groups. Can be directly observed through human behavior.
1, the "single type theory" holds that personality types are determined according to whether a group of people have special personality, American psychologist Frank? T-personality proposed by Farley is a single personality theory.
2. The theory of opposites holds that personality types contain two opposite directions of a certain personality latitude. Mainly: A-B personality and extroversion personality.
3. According to the multi-type theory, personality types are composed of several different personality characteristics. There are: temperament type theory, personality type theory, Yin-Yang and Five Elements Theory. The theory of temperament types can be divided into four types: choleric, sanguine, mucinous and depressive. Personality type theory can be divided into economic type, theoretical type, aesthetic type, power type, social type and religious type.
5. The difference between cognitive style and cognitive ability.
Cognitive style refers to the information processing method that individuals prefer to use. Cognitive styles mainly include: field independence and field dependence; Impulse and meditation; Simultaneous and continuous. Cognitive style and cognitive ability are completely different concepts, and their differences are as follows:
(1) ability refers to the level of achievement; And style refers to cognitive style.
(2) Ability refers to the highest behavior that people can achieve; Style refers to the typical behavior of people.
(3) Ability is a unipolar variable, which can be divided into high and low or good and bad; Style refers to bipolar or multipolar variables. There is no distinction between high and low, high and low, good and bad.
6. Personality test
There are many methods of personality test. Typical ones are: self-rating scale, projection test, situation test and self-concept test.
1, self-reported scale method. A method for subjects to evaluate their personality traits according to their own opinions. There are Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Test and Edward Personal Interest Scale.
2. Projection test. There are Rorschach ink test and thematic apperception test.
3. Situation test. Personality educational test and Situational Stress Test.
4. Self-concept test. Adjective list method, q classification method.
Appendix noun explanation
1. Personality is a unique integrated model that constitutes a person's thoughts, emotions and behaviors. This unique model contains a stable and unified psychological quality, which distinguishes one person from others.
2. Temperament is a stable psychological feature, which is manifested in the intensity, speed, flexibility and directionality of psychological activities. That is what we usually call temper and disposition.
3. Personality is a kind of personality characteristic which has the closest relationship with society, and it contains many social and moral meanings in personality. Personality shows people's attitude towards reality and the world around them, and it is reflected in his behavior.
4. Attitude is a psychological tendency of individuals towards society, themselves and others, including evaluation, likes and dislikes, avoidance and so on.
5. Trait is the basic characteristic that determines individual behavior and an effective component of personality. It is also the basic unit commonly used to evaluate personality.
6. Cognitive style refers to the information processing method that individuals prefer to use, also known as cognitive style.