Shi Min education
August 20, 1965 438+07
Behaviorism theory, also known as stimulus response theory, is one of the main schools of learning. The "four experiments" of behaviorism theory is one of the important test sites of the teacher recruitment examination, and it is also one of the contents that everyone who has experienced the teacher recruitment examination must take.
To sum up, the four experiments of behaviorism theory include Pavlov's dog, Thorndike's cat, Skinner's mouse and Bandura's child.
Pavlov's dog
First of all, it is Pavlov's dog. Pavlov found that when dogs eat food, they secrete saliva. Later, every time I fed the dog, I would turn on the red light and think of the bell. After a while, dogs will drool whenever they see a red light or hear a bell. This is a conditioned stimulus caused by the bell, a neutral stimulus, and the salivation it causes is a conditioned reflex, which is later called "classical conditioned reflex".
classical conditioning
Thorndike's cat
Secondly, it is Thorndike's Cat. The famous cage-trapping experiment: put a hungry cat in a cage, put a fish outside the cage, and the hungry cat rushed out of the cage door and ate the fish outside the cage. When the cat was put into the mysterious box for the first time, it struggled desperately, or scratched or bit, trying to escape from the mysterious box. Finally, it accidentally hit the pedal, escaped from the box and ate the food. In these efforts and attempts, it accidentally stepped on the pedal, causing the door to open. After many experiments, the hungry cat has less and less invalid movements. When it enters the cage for the last time, it will immediately touch the mechanical device to open the door in the right way. Thorndike kept a cat in a cage, tried and eliminated mistakes constantly, and finally learned to open the door for food. The process is called trial and error learning. He put forward the theory of "trial and error" in learning.
Skinner mouse
Then, Skinner's Mouse. Put a mouse in the peeling box and set a lever. The structure of the box excludes all external stimuli as much as possible. Animals can move freely in the box. When it presses the lever, a mass of food will fall into the plate under the box, and the mouse can eat the food. Experiments show that the learning behavior of animals occurs under intensive stimulation. Skinner put forward the theory of operant conditioning through experiments.
Bandura's little friend
Finally, Bandura's Children. In the early research, they first asked the children to observe an adult's punching and kicking on a Bobby doll, and then took the children to a laboratory with Bobby dolls and let them move freely. It turns out that children will also punch and kick Bobby dolls in the lab. This shows that children acquire new behaviors by observing the behaviors of adults. Through experiments, Bandura put forward the theory of observational learning.
The application of the "four experiments" of behaviorism learning theory in school education practice requires teachers to master the methods of shaping and correcting students' behaviors, create an environment for students, strengthen students' proper behaviors and eliminate bad behaviors to the maximum extent.
In specific teaching, behaviorism theory inspires teachers to pay attention to creating classroom situations that are helpful to teaching, to cooperate with the progress of textbook design, and to shape individual good behavior in order to realize teaching objectives step by step.
This requires teachers to understand the behavior of learning. Individual learning experience includes direct experience and indirect experience. Teachers can use these two forms to create conditions for students to easily participate in activities and learn through direct experience (which is especially important for young children). The result of learning is a lasting change in behavior. Therefore, teachers should take measures to ensure the persistence of learning behavior, and practice and strengthen it in time after learning to avoid the fading and forgetting of learned behavior. In reality, students' learning is mainly based on mastering indirect experience, which is passive to some extent. Teachers should arrange teaching reasonably on the basis of understanding its characteristics, for example, help students realize the important role of what they have learned now in adapting to the environment in the future and improve their learning enthusiasm; At the same time, the teaching content is organized systematically and reasonably, which is convenient for students to understand and master.
Teachers should also design teaching according to different types of knowledge and carry out different forms of teaching according to the characteristics of teaching content: when designing concepts or principles that need to be understood, they can start with students' original knowledge system or familiar life to promote meaningful learning; For conclusive knowledge, students can be directly taught and encouraged to accept and learn. In addition, under different teaching methods, the role of teachers is different: teachers sometimes act as imparting knowledge and guide students to accept learning; Sometimes it only plays a guiding and auxiliary role, such as encouraging students to learn and discover independently and guiding students to carry out experiments and experiments in physics, biology and other natural courses. Teachers should adjust their roles to promote students' learning.
In Pavlov's classical conditional experiment, regression theory aroused teachers' thinking and helped teachers to correct students' bad behavior by using regression law. For example, teachers should pay attention that if teachers ignore noisy people in class, there may be more noisy behavior at first. Thorndike illustrates the role of constantly trying to make mistakes in learning through a classic "trap experiment". In the teaching process, teachers should allow students to make mistakes, especially in the classroom to promote the formation of students' inquiry ability. Teachers should dare to let go, try their best to ensure that students experience a complete learning process, rather than fragmented fragments, and allow students to make mistakes and take fewer detours and experience the process of "trying-making mistakes-learning lessons". When students feel difficult, teachers should give them appropriate guidance, help them analyze the causes of failure, make correct responses to students, encourage and reward their achievements, and help them further improve their enthusiasm for learning. Learning Bandura's social learning theory, we know that the essence of learning is observation learning. In the teaching process, teachers should be good at guiding students to learn by observing examples. Characters in textbooks and film and television works may be examples of students' observation and learning, so teachers can provide students with sources of observation and learning. In addition, the process of observation learning includes attention process, maintenance process, action reproduction process and motivation process, and teachers can use these four processes to strengthen students' observation learning. From the perspective of interaction in learning theory, it gives teachers inspiration. Teachers use interaction to create a good external environment, a positive learning atmosphere and a reasonable learning atmosphere of competition and cooperation for students.
Behaviorism learning theory plays a very important role in teachers' teaching activities. Teachers should correctly understand the role of these theories in learning, so as to make good use of the essential role behind these theories in teaching activities, and thus achieve good learning results in guiding students' learning and promoting their growth and development.
This article arranges | Min Kao Education (Jiangxi Teacher Recruitment Network)