First, China's education management system and education administrative management system.

China implements a system in which the government runs schools as the main body and all sectors of society run schools together. At present, basic education is mainly run by local governments; Higher education is dominated by the central and provincial governments (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), and all sectors of society participate extensively in running schools; Vocational education and adult education are managed by the government as a whole, mainly relying on the joint running of schools by industries, enterprises, institutions and all sectors of society.

The Ministry of Education of China is the highest administrative body in charge of education in China. It is responsible for implementing the relevant laws, regulations, principles and policies formulated by the state, formulating specific education policies, coordinating the development of the whole education, coordinating the education-related work of various departments throughout the country, and uniformly deploying and guiding the reform of the education system.

Since 1978, China has successively enacted laws such as People's Republic of China (PRC)'s Academic Degrees Ordinance, People's Republic of China (PRC) Compulsory Education Law, People's Republic of China (PRC) Teachers Law, People's Republic of China (PRC) Minors Protection Law, Education Law of the People's Republic of China, Regulations on Teachers' Qualification, People's Republic of China (PRC) Higher Education Law, and more than 10 educational administrative regulations. The Ministry of Education has promulgated more than 200 educational administrative regulations within its scope of authority, which has promoted the development of education at all levels.

In terms of education funds, the system of raising education funds through multiple channels is implemented, with the national financial allocation as the main part. At present, the funds needed for schools directly managed by the central government are arranged in the central financial allocation; Is a local management school, the funds needed by the local financial arrangements to solve; For schools run by rural townships, villages, enterprises and institutions, the funds required are mainly arranged by the organizers, and the state gives appropriate subsidies; Schools run by social organizations and celebrities are funded by the organizers themselves (including charging students and collecting donations from the society, etc.). In addition to the above sources of funds, the state encourages schools at all levels to carry out work-study programs and increase some funds by providing services to the society in order to improve the conditions for running schools.

Since 1978, education funds have increased year by year. From 65438 to 0998, the national education investment was 294.906 billion yuan, of which the government invested 203.245 billion yuan and the state budget strictly allocated 156559 billion yuan.

Second, China's education system.

China's education system consists of four parts, namely, basic education, secondary vocational and technical education, general higher education and adult education.

[Basic education]

Basic education refers to preschool education and ordinary primary and secondary education. Primary education (primary school) is six years; Secondary education is divided into junior high school and senior high school, usually three years each. In addition, there are a few nine-year schools that combine primary and junior high schools.

China government attaches great importance to popularizing basic education. Since the promulgation of 1986 Compulsory Education Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), primary education has been popularized in most parts of the country, and primary and secondary education is being popularized in big cities and some economically developed areas. 1999 There are 582,300 primary schools in China with students13,549,600; The enrollment rate of primary school-age children nationwide reached 99.09%, and the five-year consolidation rate reached 92.48%; 9 1% population areas have popularized primary education; The enrollment rate of primary school graduates reached 94.3%. Compulsory education in junior high schools has also developed to some extent.

1.999 There are 64,400 junior high schools nationwide, with 2 1.8344 million students enrolled; There are 5865438 students +065438 students +0650 students; The gross enrollment rate of junior high school reached 88.6%, and the enrollment rate of junior high school graduates reached 50%. 1999 There are 0/.41000 ordinary high schools in China, with 3,963,200 students,1.049438+0,000 students. 1998 There are 10074 vocational middle schools with 2176,000 students and 54160,000 students.

1999 There are 1520 special education schools for deaf-mute and mentally retarded children in China, with 37 students1600, an increase of 13200 over the previous year. More than half of school-age disabled children have the opportunity to receive education. There are 18 1 1 10,000 kindergartens in China, with 23.2626 million children in the kindergartens.

[Secondary vocational and technical education]

Secondary vocational and technical education mainly includes general secondary specialized schools, technical schools, vocational middle schools and various forms of short-term vocational and technical training.

Since 1980s, China's vocational and technical education has developed rapidly. 1997, there are 33464 secondary vocational and technical schools in China, with students 18697600. There are more than 2 100 employment training centers, which train about 100 million unemployed people every year. The proportion of students in vocational and technical schools in senior high school increased from 18.9% in 1980 to 56.47% in 1999.

1999, there were 3,962 ordinary middle schools with 515,500 students. The enrollment structure of ordinary middle schools has changed, with finance, sports and art rising and engineering declining. 199 There are 83 17 vocational high schools in China with students 1603800 and 4438400. 1999, there were 4,098 technical schools nationwide with 515,500 students and 0/560,500 students.

[General higher education]

General higher education refers to education with higher academic qualifications, such as junior college, undergraduate and postgraduate. In higher education, the academic system of junior college is 2-3 years, that of undergraduate course is usually 4 years, and that of medical course is 5 years. In addition, some engineering colleges implement a five-year system. The academic system for master students is 2-3 years, and that for doctoral students is 3 years.

In the past 50 years, the national higher education has made great progress. China began to implement the degree system from 198 1, and the degree is divided into three levels: bachelor, master and doctor. After a series of reforms and adjustments, the vitality of higher education has been enhanced, the scale has been greatly developed, the structure has tended to be reasonable, the quality of personnel training and the efficiency of running schools have been significantly improved, and a multi-level, multi-form and basically complete discipline system adapted to national economic and social development has been initially formed. It has played an important role in promoting national economic construction, scientific and technological progress and social development.

1999 There are 107 1 colleges and universities in China, with a total enrollment of 2,754,500. At the graduate level, there are 233,500 graduate students in China, of whom 54,000 are pursuing doctoral degrees and 654,380 are pursuing master's degrees. A total of 92,200 graduate students were enrolled, including 65,438 doctoral students +0.99 million and 72,300 master students. From 1979 to 1997, colleges and universities sent 829 1000 college graduates to the society, 2.58 times that of the previous 30 years. From 198 1 to 1996, universities and scientific research institutions all over the country have trained 205 14 doctors and 285943 masters. 1996 The ratio of undergraduate enrollment to graduate enrollment is1:16.26; The ratio of undergraduate enrollment to specialist enrollment is 1: 0.95438+0.

The changes in the enrollment category structure of the college are as follows: liberal arts, finance, politics and law, sports and art have all increased, among which the financial growth is the most prominent; The proportion of science and engineering shows a downward trend.

There are more than 3,400 laboratories or research institutes approved by higher authorities in colleges and universities nationwide. There are nearly 500 national key disciplines, 50 national key laboratories and professional laboratories 150, and a number of engineering research centers will be established. Important achievements have been made in basic research, applied research and high-tech research. Natural science award-winning projects in colleges and universities account for 50% of the total number of national awards; In the research of philosophy and sociology, nearly 60% of the national prize-winning projects in the Eighth Five-Year Plan are led or participated by institutions of higher learning.

[Adult Education]

Adult education includes school education, literacy education and other forms of education for adults at all levels.

Adult higher education has developed rapidly. 199 87 1 adult colleges and universities, and about 800 ordinary colleges and universities offer correspondence and evening classes. The college enrolled a total of 1 157700 students. 65,438+888,200 people graduated in 0999.

1998 There were 42 1 farmers' secondary schools with 200,200 students. There are 4,229 peasant middle schools with 439,200 students; There are 454,924 technical training schools for farmers, and more than 80 million people have received various trainings, accounting for 12.2% of the rural labor force. Adult education in rural areas has trained a large number of urgently needed junior and intermediate practical technical talents for rural development. So far, more than 200 million people have been trained.

Self-study exams for higher and secondary specialized education have developed rapidly. 1998, 224 majors in the national higher education self-study exam. By the first half of 2000, the cumulative number of applicants was104.04 million, including more than 2.9 million college graduates and 40 1500 secondary school graduates.

65,438+0998 There are 65,438+034,200 literacy schools (classes) in China, and 3,208,900 people have graduated from literacy classes.