1, collectively

Makarenko believes that "the task of education is to cultivate collectivists." In order to accomplish this task, the first form of Soviet education is collective education. Therefore, makarenko emphasized: "In a nutshell, the educational policy of the commune is to establish a reasonable collective and establish a reasonable influence of the collective on the individual".

2. On the principle of collective education.

(1), respect the principle of combining with requirements. Someone once asked makarenko what was the essence of his educational experience. makarenko replied, "Ask as many people as possible and respect as much as possible". In his view, demand and respect are the same thing. In this regard, he explained: "our requirements for individuals show respect for personal strength and possibility; On our part, we also show personal requirements. " Makarenko believes that in the process of collective education, requirements are necessary, otherwise it is impossible to establish collective and collective discipline. He pointed out that "requirements" can be divided into three stages: the first stage, that is, the initial stage of collective construction, leaders should put forward requirements in a "no objection way." Of course, the demands made by leaders must be reasonable and achievable. In the second stage, a group of activists who consciously maintain discipline appeared around the collective leaders, and their core will support the teachers' opinions with their own requirements. In the third stage, the collective itself can make demands on its members. At this time, there is no need for the teacher to ask for anything, because the collective has often asked too much of the individual. When talking about "respect", makarenko pointed out that "respect is not something that respects appearance, nor something that exists independently of society". This is a kind of respect for those comrades who take part in our common labor and work, and it is also a kind of respect for activists. "

(2) The influence principle of parallel education. Makarenko believes that the process of collective education should follow the principle of "becoming a collective through the collective". In his view, the collective is the foundation of education first. He said: "A person's character can only be cultivated if he participates in a well-organized, disciplined, persevering and proud collective life for a long time." Secondly, the collective is the means of education. He emphasized that "the collective is the teacher of the individual". Teachers must educate individuals through the collective. Finally, the collective is the purpose and object of education. Makarenko believes that the collective and the individual are closely related, "there can be no individuals outside the collective in the Soviet Union". Therefore, educating individuals and educational groups can be regarded as both educational purposes and educational objects. He said: "Whenever we have an impact on individuals, it must also be an impact on the collective. On the contrary, whenever we involve the collective, we should also educate every individual who constitutes the collective. Makarenko later summed up his above thoughts with "parallel educational influence", emphasizing that the activities of educating individuals and groups should be carried out at the same time, and every educational activity aimed at groups should receive the effect of educating both groups and individuals.

(3) the principle of forward-looking education. Makarenko believes that the vitality of the collective lies in continuous progress. He said, "the way of life of a free human collective is to advance, and its way of death is to stagnate." Therefore, makarenko requires teachers to constantly put forward new goals to the collective, so as to stimulate the vitality of the collective. This new goal is the prospect and people's hope for a better future. He emphasized: "To cultivate a person is to cultivate his hope for the future. This working method is to build a new future, use the existing future, and gradually replace it with a more valuable future. " The real stimulus of human life is the happiness of tomorrow. Therefore, the principle of forward-looking education can also be called "tomorrow's happiness theory". In makarenko's view, prospect education can be divided into three steps, namely, close shot, middle shot and long shot. The close shot is mainly aimed at children who have not yet arranged their long-term plans and interests in the future. As the child grows older, the close shot will gradually give way to the middle shot and the long shot. Whether it is to achieve close shot, middle shot or long shot, it should play a role in encouraging students to study hard and preventing hedonism.