(Plato, Greek: about 427 BC-347 BC))).
Plato, also translated as Plato (Greek:), an ancient Greek philosopher, is one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers in the whole western philosophy and even the whole western culture.
Introduction to Plato
The origin of the name: Plato is Aristotle, why is it called Plato?
Tracing back to the source, Aristotle grew up strong, with a big chest and wide shoulders.
So the PE teacher named him Plato. Plato means "extensive" in Greek.
Later, Plato's name was inherited and is still very popular today.
Plato was born in Athens and studied under Socrates when he was young.
After Sue's death, she traveled around the world, engaged in political activities in Egypt, Asia Minor and southern Italy, and worked hard to realize her lofty political ideals.
In 387 BC, when the activity failed, he fled back to Athens, established an academy near the gymnasium, and taught it for 40 years, then died.
He wrote a lot in his life, and his educational thoughts mainly focused on republicanism and law.
Plato is the founder of western objective idealism, and his philosophical system is extensive and profound, especially affecting his educational thought.
Plato believes that the world consists of "the world of ideas" and "the world of phenomena".
The world of ideas is real and eternal, and the real world that people's senses come into contact with is only a faint shadow of the world of ideas, which is composed of phenomena, and each phenomenon presents the characteristics of temporary changes due to factors such as time and space.
Therefore, Plato put forward the epistemology of idealism and memory as the philosophical basis of his educational theory.
Plato believes that all human knowledge comes from talent, and it exists in human soul in a potential way.
Therefore, understanding is not the feeling of the world material, but the memory of the world by ideas.
The purpose of education is to restore people's inherent knowledge.
The process of education is the process of "recalling" ideas.
In teaching, Plato attached great importance to universal and popular understanding, especially to the cultivation of students' thinking ability, and believed that concepts and truth were the products of pure thinking.
In addition, students think that the conceptual world is the shadow of the phenomenon world, so they can think of the conceptual world and agree with the stimulating effect of feeling in cognition.
He particularly emphasized the role of early education and environment in children.
It is believed that what children are exposed to in early childhood has a lasting influence on him, and the educational process should arouse students' memories through perceptual inspiration of specific things, and reproduce the inherent conceptual knowledge of the soul through reflection and thinking.
Therefore, Plato's educational understanding is a kind of foresight.
Plato's educational system is pyramid-shaped.
In order to develop rationality, he set up a comprehensive and rich curriculum. According to the psychological characteristics of students, he divided them into several age stages and taught different classes.
0 1, 3-year-old children are taken care of in the nursery.
3, 6-year-old children in the amusement park for stories, games, singing and other activities.
After the age of 6, children enter primary schools to receive primary courses.
In terms of teaching content, Plato accepted Athens' educational thought of exercising through gymnastics and cultivating the mind with music. While arranging simple reading, writing, calculating and singing for children, he also attaches great importance to sports training programs such as gymnastics.
17 1.20-year-olds are promoted to the national "Evby" to receive military education and study cultural subjects in combination with military needs. Mainly arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music.
20, 30 years old, carefully selected 10 years of science and education, pay attention to developing young people's thinking ability, insist on learning "four subjects" and understand the relationship between natural sciences.
After 30 years old, after further screening, I studied for 5 years, mainly studying philosophy.
In this way, Plato's relatively complete pyramid education system was formed.
For educational purposes, Berbers absorbed and developed the "three arts" of the wise and the military physical education curriculum of Sparta, and also summarized the educational practice experience of Athens, and put forward the "four subjects" (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music) for the first time in the history of education, and later became the backbone, guiding source and.
Plato believes that all disciplines have unique functions, and as long as they learn something, they can promote the development of personality.
By the age of 17, the extensive and comprehensive subject content is to cultivate the general quality of citizens. For future philosophers, the above subjects are essential knowledge preparation for studying dialectics.
Grammar and rhetoric are the basis of learning philosophy, and arithmetic is to train people's analytical and thinking abilities. Studying geometry and astronomy is very important for navigation, marching, climate observation and space exploration. Learning music is to cultivate soldiers' courage and noble moral sentiments.
At the same time, pay attention to the selection and purification of language, stories, myths, epics and other teaching materials in order to meet the moral requirements and promote children's mental development.
As far as teaching methods are concerned, Plato followed Socrates' question-and-answer method and regarded the process of recalling existing knowledge as a process of imparting and enlightening.
He opposed the use of coercive means to instill knowledge, and advocated answering questions, exposing contradictions, then analyzing, summarizing, synthesizing and judging, and finally drawing a conclusion.
Rational training is the main feature of Plato's educational thought.
In the teaching process, Plato always takes the development of students' thinking ability as the ultimate goal.
In the Republic, he used the words "reflection" and "meditation" many times, and thought that only through reflection and meditation can the knowledge about rationality be truly integrated and kill two birds with one stone.
I think the function is only limited to the understanding of phenomena, and it cannot be a tool to acquire ideas.
Therefore, teachers must unify students' thinking, combine their thinking, arrive from one idea to another, and finally return to this idea.
Teachers should be good at guiding, inspiring, encouraging and guiding students to enter such a realm. After "thinking hard", it should be "puzzled" and "rational joy"
This has a kind of companion beauty different from Socrates' midwifery.
Plato's educational thought involves almost all the important methods in the field of education.
He first defined the basic branch of psychology, which is closely related to education.
He inherited and developed Sparta's teaching theory of dividing teaching stages according to age characteristics, summarized and adopted Athens' experience in the specific content, form, methods and means of teaching, and put forward a comprehensive and coordinated curriculum system.
In his teaching, he paid attention to developing students' thinking ability and emphasized and discussed the essence of things, which had great influence and enlightenment on later educators.
However, Plato exaggerated the significance of rational development in education.
The educational process advocated by him through memory and meditation reflects his idealistic tendency in understanding knowledge.
In particular, his thought of absolutizing and isolating reason and opposing feeling and reason is the theoretical basis of dogmatic teaching method of medieval scholasticism.
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