1. Changes in educational aims and policies-(1) Party spirit education:1In July, 926, the Education Administrative Committee of Guangdong National Revolutionary Government expounded the meaning of "Party spirit education". The so-called "party education" is carried out under the guidance of the Kuomintang. Strive for "revolutionization", "popularization", "scientization" and "socialization" of education (II) The purpose of "Three People's Principles" education: 1928 The first national conference of the University of the Republic of China decided to replace "Three People's Principles Education" with "Three People's Principles Education". During the period of national independence, civil rights were universal, and the development of people's livelihood promoted world harmony. (3) Educational policy of "looking at peace in wartime": After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression1August, 937, the National Government put forward the educational policy of "looking at peace in wartime", including ① "everything is still based on maintaining normal education" and emphasizing maintaining normal education and management order ② "adapting to the needs of the war of resistance" and "adapting to the wartime environment". Cultivating and training all kinds of specialized technical talents needed by War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression ③ The policy of further strengthening political and ideological education is an important decision that is not short-sighted. Considering not only the short-term task of education serving the war of resistance against Japan, but also the long-term goal of education for the reconstruction and development of post-war national construction, education can still struggle and support in the harsh war environment and develop in the southwest and northwest regions of the rear area.

2. Reform of the education system-(1) Trial university and university district system: 1927 In June, the education administrative committee of the Kuomintang modeled on the French education administrative system, the central government established the University of the Republic of China, which was in charge of national education, and the local pilot university district appointed Cai Yuanpei as the president of the university. Promulgation of the Organic Law of the University of the Republic of China and the Regulations on the Organization of University Districts (II): The First National Education Conference of the University of the Republic of China (1928), based on the 1922 academic system and slightly modified, put forward a case of reorganizing the academic system of the Republic of China, that is, the "Chen Wu academic system". Chen Wu Education System is divided into two parts: organization and system. It puts forward seven principles, such as adapting to people's livelihood needs, improving education efficiency, raising academic standards, developing individuality, making education easy to popularize and leaving room for expansion, according to China's national conditions.

3. The development of school education-(1) Primary education: divided into three stages: ① The year of * * * * is the period of stability and development of primary education, ② The legalization of education construction, which can still maintain a certain development in the turbulent situation; ③ After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, it was strangled; ② Secondary education: divided into three stages:1the top ten of the rule. During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the number of middle schools increased rapidly. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the number of middle schools in China reached the highest point. (3) Higher education: ① It developed steadily in the first ten years and gradually took shape. (2) The general period after the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression began to decline. (4) After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the number of universities and students reached the highest point. (3) In order to preserve the strength of national education, the National Government moved the coastal areas to the west.

4. School education management measures-(1) discipline system: it is the basic organizational form for the Kuomintang government to carry out routine political and ideological education and management in schools. Secondary and higher education institutions have discipline offices or discipline offices, headed by a discipline supervisor or discipline director, who must be a national party member and lead tutors of all grades with the help of trainers. Ideological and political education for students (2) Boy Scout training in primary and secondary schools: Boy Scout is an organizational form that enables children and adolescents to receive militarized education and training. It was introduced to China in the early years of the Republic of China. 1928 In May, the executive meeting of the Kuomintang Central Committee adopted the General Chapter of the Boy Scouts of the Kuomintang in China, stipulating that all young people aged 12- 18 must join the army and receive boy scout training. 1933 10 The preparatory office of the Scout Association of China published the General Chapter of the Scouts of China, which stipulated that the Scouts of China should "take loyalty, filial piety, love and harmony as the highest training principles" and "wisdom, benevolence and courage" as their educational goals. 1 934165438+1October1,the Scout Association of China was formally established. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, it was emphasized that boy scout activities should serve wartime needs. (3) Military training for students above senior high school: 1929 stipulates that military education is a compulsory subject in schools above senior high school except for girls. Take military training as a necessary condition for completing studies and further study. (4) Middle school graduation examination: The Ministry of Education of the Kuomintang promulgated the Provisional Rules for Graduation Examination for Primary and Secondary School Students 1932 in May, the Rules for Graduation Examination for Middle School Students 1932 in February and the Rules for Graduation Examination for Normal School Students in April. This system has always been.

XI。 Education in the revolutionary base areas led by China.

1. the formation of the new democratic education policy-(1) the general policy of Soviet culture and education: ① 193 1 year1month, chinese soviet republic was proclaimed. The declaration adopted by the first National Congress of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers clearly put forward the education policy of the Soviet regime: "The working masses of workers, peasants and soldiers, regardless of gender, fully enjoy the same rights and obligations in society, economy, politics and education", and all feudal, religious and Kuomintang Three People's Principles education that anesthetized the people was abolished "2193465438+/KL. In the work report of the Second National Soviet Congress, Mao Zedong expressed the fundamental policy of education in the Soviet area more specifically: "It is to educate the working people with the spirit of communism, make cultural education serve the revolutionary war and class struggle, and link education with labor. (2) China's education policy during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period: ① the United front of cultural work; ② the policy of putting cadre education first and national education second; ③ the policy of implementing productive labor; ④ the policy of private assistance; and (3) the cultural and educational policy of new democracy: the people led by the proletariat are anti-imperialist.

2. Cadre education-(1) On-the-job training for cadres: 193 1 Previously, it was mainly conducted in the form of school camps, teaching teams and short training classes. After the emergence of cadre schools, the categories are richer and the implementation is more standardized. (2) Cadre education: the famous ones are Marxist Communist University, Soviet University, Red Army University, Central Agricultural School, Central Lenin Normal School and Gorky Drama School. (3) "Kangda": ① 1936 was founded in Wayaobao, northern Shaanxi, formerly known as "Northwest Anti-Japanese Red Army University" and later renamed as 1937. From the Northwest Anti-Japanese Red Army University to the Anti-Japanese University, the general school has successively run eight issues, and at the same time, it has also run the Anti-Japanese University 12 branch school, which has trained more than 200,000 military and political cadres, and moved to the northeast in June 1945 to form the Northeast Military and Political University. The educational policy of Anti-Japanese University is "firm and correct political direction, hard and simple work style, flexible strategy and tactics". Mao Zedong put forward in 1938 that Kangda's school motto is "unity, tension, seriousness and liveliness", Kangda's educational aim is "cultivating military and political talents for resisting Japan and saving the country", and Kangda's style of study is "integrating theory with practice", "few but refined", "paying equal attention to theory and practice" and "paying equal attention to military and political affairs".

3. Popular education is diverse and vivid, and its organizational forms are mainly winter schools, private schools (people's schools), evening schools, half-day schools, literacy classes (groups), newspaper reading groups, theatrical troupes, clubs and rescue rooms. Among them, winter school and private school are the most popular, universal and extensive forms of social education, which adapt to the scattered rural population and their real life. While establishing winter schools and training teachers, the base areas also actively organize the compilation of textbooks, such as literacy textbooks, daily magazines, and miscellaneous characters of crops.

4. General education-(1) Primary education in the Soviet area: the school system is five years, with the first three years as primary school and the last two years as high school. In the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, there were many bases at first, but few above. According to different objects, it is divided into full-time and half-time systems. (2) Primary education in the anti-Japanese base areas: The primary schools in the consolidation area are similar to those in the Soviet area, with a schooling period of five years. The first three years are junior high schools, and the last two years are senior high schools. Some are called complete primary schools, guerrilla primary schools and nearby areas. The primary school curriculum of "guerrilla primary school" and "double-sided primary school" not only takes care of children's physical and mental development characteristics, but also pays special attention to political and ideological education and productive labor. (3) Normalization of primary and secondary education in the liberated areas: It marks that education has consciously changed from serving the revolution to serving the peace building, mainly referring to the standardization of secondary education, which actually involves the whole general education, including three aspects: ① making a long-term education plan, which does not change with the changes of political tasks like wartime; (2) popularize education and standardize the academic system; ③ Pay attention to systematic scientific and cultural knowledge. (4) Rectification and construction of higher education in the Liberated Areas: ① Holding training courses against big money, and carrying out short-term political education and ideological reform for young intellectuals one by one; ② Further rectify the original universities in the liberated areas; ③ Establish a new university.

5. The basic experience of education in revolutionary base areas ——( 1) Closely combined with the current central task, insisting that education serves politics: ① regarding the educational object, insisting on "cadre education first, national education second", and insisting on "adult education first, children education second" in mass education; (2) In terms of educational content, we should give priority to the content needed by the revolutionary war; ③ In the form of education, we should insist on flexibility and diversity. Give priority to non-institutional education; (2) The combination of education and productive labor: ① In terms of educational content, it should be related to the local production and life reality at that time; ② In the form of educational organization, attention should be paid to adapting to the local production needs at that time; (3) require students to participate in actual productive labor; (3) Relying on the masses to run schools: ① The adult masses educate the masses to run their own schools, and the democratic government gives guidance; (2) Relying on the strength of the masses in general education; Ordinary primary schools are run by the masses or take the form of private office assistance; Cadres should not be divorced from the masses, but should try their best to think of them.

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