In recent years, it seems that children's deaths have occurred all over the country, and it is still impossible to prevent them. Every year, there are several incidents of children falling from high altitude all over the country, which makes people sad. It is reported that every year, the pediatric orthopedics department of the summer hospital receives many children who fall from tall buildings. How to prevent the tragedy of falling from high altitude? What are the details that parents can easily ignore on weekdays? Parents are invited to study together.
Second, the characteristics of children falling
According to media statistics, from 2008 to 20 13, among the 50 cases of children falling from buildings in China, 29 cases were children under 6 years old, of which 23 cases occurred when their parents were not at home on weekends. A bloody lesson, let "window sill safety" once again sound the alarm for young parents.
(A) From the analysis of gender characteristics, boys are more prone to accidents.
From the investigation of 50 cases, it is found that there are 37 boys, 0/3 girls and 74% boys.
On the morning of June 28, 2008, Dong Ruijie, a 5-year-old boy from Chengdu, climbed to the top of the 4th floor to look for materials for making a snowman, but he accidentally fell down.
On July 26, 2008, the mother of a 4-year-old boy in a city locked the door and left the boy alone at home. He climbed out of the window on the sixth floor and almost fell down.
On August 4, 2008, a boy over 2 years old fell from the 12 building. The child's mother left the room first, and the door was closed by the strong wind. The child followed, locked in the room and unable to find the key.
The child climbed to the main bathroom, and there was a toilet near the window sill. The child climbed on the toilet lid, then went to the windowsill and fell.
Experts believe that this may be related to the active character of boys. Usually, boys are more active than girls. In order to challenge or show themselves, they like to climb in dangerous places such as balconies or window sills. This undoubtedly increases the risk of boys falling from buildings, and the risk is even greater without protection and care.
(2) According to the analysis of age characteristics, children around 6 years old have more accidents.
From the investigation and statistics of cases, it is found that children around 6 years old are the age group with more falls. According to statistics, among the 50 incidents of children falling from buildings in China in recent five years, 29 were under 6 years old, accounting for 58%.
On June 7, 2008, a 6-year-old boy climbed out of the window and fell from the third floor. At that time, the boy was sleeping, and grandma went out to get something for ten minutes. The child's bed is near the window. Maybe he climbed into the crib and climbed onto the windowsill.
In June 5438+February 65438+March 2008, a 6-year-old girl fell from the fifth floor. Mother was not at home, and the girl climbed onto the balcony window on the stool to see if her mother had come back. Unfortunately, she fell down.
20 10 3 19, a 6-year-old boy woke up, climbed the bay window to look for his mother, and leaned over and fell from the 14 floor.
20 10 on may 8, a 6-year-old boy was left alone at home on Jinxiu road in Liuzhou city. After he couldn't find an adult, he climbed onto the terrace above and fell from the third floor.
20 10 June, a 6-year-old boy was playing on the balcony at home after dinner, climbed the guardrail while adults were not paying attention, and accidentally fell from the fifth floor.
According to expert analysis, children aged 65,438+0 to 6 years old often have no concept of danger because of their lack of life experience and poor cognitive ability. In addition, children under the age of 6 are active, most of them like to run around, their control is not balanced enough, and their self-control ability is poor. Even if parents often educate their children that it is dangerous to do so, it is difficult for them to really understand. As long as adults are negligent or leave them alone at home, there is the possibility of danger. As can be seen from the above cases, children who fall from buildings are not old, and they are concentrated between 2 and 6 years old. After the age of 6, there are fewer incidents of children falling from buildings.
(3) From the analysis of high floors, there are more accidents on lower floors.
It is not difficult to see from the investigation and statistics of cases that children fall not all in high-rise buildings, but in low-rise buildings. Of the 50 cases, 33 (66%) children fell from the third floor to the sixth floor.
20 10 12 13, 5-year-old sister and 4-year-old sister fell from the third floor, and both sisters fell from the bathroom window. My sister fell from the bathroom window. My sister reached out to pull her sister, but she didn't. Both of them fell, and my sister fell to the ground directly from the bathroom window on the third floor.
On the evening of 2011August 15, a 5-year-old boy fell from the third floor of a residential area in Xiguan Road, Nanning.
20 12 on March 3, a pair of 3-year-old twin brothers fell from the fifth floor in a residential area of Hefei East Second Ring Road. My brother died unfortunately and my brother was seriously injured.
On March 29th, 20 13, a 3-year-old girl was locked at home in Changsha, Hunan. Because the child couldn't find an adult, she went to the balcony and accidentally fell from the balcony on the fourth floor to the second floor.
Experts believe that this is related to parents' safety awareness. From the third floor to the sixth floor, for adults, they will feel that the floor is lower, feel safe, and relax their care for their children. People who live on high floors will be stricter with their children, which objectively reduces the chance of accidents. At the same time, when investigating a number of high-rise residential quarters, experts found that many residents in each residential quarter installed security window on the 1-2 floor, while security window was rarely installed on the floors above the third floor, which caused negligence in protection.
The police also reminded that it is a good way to protect children's safety by installing invisible protective nets on windows when conditions permit. Owners can also install protective fences indoors as needed, especially for families with children.
(d) Being engaged in time analysis, there are many accidents when adults are not at home.
From the investigation and statistics of cases, it is found that there are not a few falling accidents because parents leave their children alone at home. Statistics show that among 50 cases of children falling from buildings, 23 cases occurred when parents at the weekend was not at home. This shows that it is easy to cause tragedy when parents go out and leave their children alone at home.
On the weekend of 20 1 1 year 1 month 65438+8, the girl's parents got up and went to busy business. The girl is at home alone. When she got up, she found no one at home. When she stood at the window and looked downstairs, she accidentally fell down.
On the morning of August 3 12, 3 1, a 5-year-old boy fell from the 16 building in an apartment in a city of Zhejiang Province because his grandmother went out to buy food, and his home was left unattended, but he finally failed to save his life.
On the morning of March 30th, 20 13, a 7-year-old girl was locked at home by her parents alone in Rong Sheng Park Community, Shajing Avenue, Nanning. During this period, she climbed onto the upper terrace to open the invisible anti-theft net and accidentally fell to the ground from the 22nd floor.
Experts believe that children are young and curious. When their parents are away, naughty children like to lean against the balcony or window to see the outside world and even climb. Children who depend on their parents will feel lonely at home alone. They hope that their parents will come back early and instinctively climb to the balcony and other places to look downstairs ... this will lead to tragedy.
(5) According to the balcony height analysis, the guardrail in 22 cases was less than 45cm.
According to the investigation and statistics, the height of balcony guardrail in 22 of 50 cases is between 37 cm and 45 cm. The height of the balcony guardrail is often the danger line for children to fall.
At noon on June 20, 2065438+00, a 7-year-old boy and his partner were playing on the balcony in the second district of Liuzhou. Because the stair balcony is shorter than other buildings and there is no fence, the boy accidentally falls from the balcony on the fifth floor.
On the evening of 2011August 15, a boy fell from a building in a residential area of Xiguan Road, Nanning. The balcony at the scene of the accident was only 0.8 meters high.
According to experts' analysis, the Code for Design of Civil Buildings requires that protective railings should be installed on balconies, verandahs, indoor cloisters, inner patios and outdoor stairs, and the height should be between1.05-1.10m; At the same time, in today's era, children grow fast, and the height of 3-year-old children is close to 1 meter. If the balcony or window at home is not equipped with protective measures, or the protective facilities are not up to standard, it is tantamount to putting children in dangerous places.
(6) From the analysis of safety net, the gap of safety net is too large.
From the statistics of case investigation, it is found that from the accident of falling after installing the security net, the gap between the security nets is large, mostly between 20 cm and 33 cm, which is enough to extend the head of an adult.
According to expert analysis, at present, there is no national standard for the installation of anti-theft net. For households with children, the clearance of the security net should be between four and five centimeters, not exceeding 1 1 cm to prevent children from falling when climbing.
On the morning of 20 12, 10, 19, a 4-year-old girl in a city fell from the eighth floor and left her parents forever. The bay window of a girl's house can be pushed open with little effort, and the maximum width can reach about 33 cm.
On March 30th, 20 13, a little girl fell from a building in Dida Community, Rong Sheng Park, Nanning. A hidden anti-theft net was installed on the balcony at home, but the gap was too big, causing the child to accidentally fall from it.
The incident of children falling from the building once again sounded the alarm for young parents. The investigation found that many residents' windows have potential safety hazards.
Third, analyze the reasons why children fall.
(A) parents do not pay enough attention to it, and they are lucky.
Through the above cases, many accidents are caused by parents' luck, but if they are lucky for a while, they may pay an irreparable price. For example, the mother thought that it was only a quarter of an hour before going out to buy food, and there was no danger in leaving the sleeping child alone at home, but the accident happened when the child woke up and climbed onto the windowsill. For example, some parents get off the bus to do business, leaving their children alone in the car, leaving a sentence "Mom/Kloc-will be back in 0/0 minutes", but the children have no concept of time. At first, he will have a sense of honor to "do things" for his mother, but the accumulation of time will suddenly increase his inner fear, so he will cry in the car and even open the door to the road alone, thus being in the car and facing danger.
"The vast majority of children's accidental injuries are caused by family members' lack of safety awareness. "For example, medicine believes that a 3-year-old child has full mobility and the strength and flexibility to use sharp tools. However, their self-control ability and risk prediction ability will not be formed until 10 years old, and they all need careful protection from their parents before.
"Children in the eyes of adults, their activity level is actually very strong, and they must not be underestimated." According to experts, there is a set of scales that can explain children's sports level: generally, 3-year-old children can do 10-20 in-situ jumps. Both feet can jump 3-4 meters continuously. You can go downstairs in two steps. Can run 35-40 meters in 30 seconds ...
Experts also pointed out that children will have rebellious consciousness after one year old, which is actually the beginning of self-awareness. Children have the will to control their behavior. Some parents will only warn their children not to let them understand the harm caused by unwanted reasons or the consequences of experience. "It is best to let children have a concept of danger by playing games first."
Experts point out that parents should not leave their children under 7 years old alone at home. Parents can't put their children under their noses at any time, anywhere and every minute. Most of these children's accidents are caused by adults walking away temporarily while sleeping.
Many adults think that children sleep soundly. As long as they control their time, they will be fine when they come back before waking up. In fact, children sleep intermittently, and they have to get up to drink water and pee in the middle. If their sleeping position is uncomfortable, they will wake up halfway. Especially for a nap like a nap, adults may close the door with their front feet, and the sound of closing the door will wake up the children.
Once children wake up and find no adults at home, they will be particularly alarmed. At this time, the physical strength will exceed the usual level, and you can climb and jump to places you couldn't go before. We adults have our own feelings. When we first woke up, we were all in a daze, not to mention the children. Plus, we suddenly couldn't find an adult and didn't know where we were, so we accidentally fell.
Ignoring safety education, the alarm didn't go off.
Educate older children about the dangers of climbing mountains. Teach children not to jump from a height. How to educate children to avoid falling from high altitude? Shi Peiqi, vice president of Xinrong (China) Group and national professional psychological counselor, introduced her experience. When her daughter is 3 years old, Spike will draw a "safety line" on her chest, which is about the height of her chest, and tell her not to lean out if the window or railing can't reach this line, and look for opportunities to repeat this concept in life. For example, if you take your daughter on a ship, you will hold on to her railing on the deck and tell her the danger of falling into the water. "Let the child feel the seriousness by holding the arm tightly."
In addition to falling, there have been some cases of children falling in the past caused by imitation factors. Speiche believes that parents should try not to play games like "flying" (holding their children above their heads, letting go first and then catching them), which may make them experience the pleasure of free fall and lose their fear of falling.
In addition, children generally don't have the ability to distinguish imitation until they are seven or eight years old. Before this age, if parents find that their children have the impulse to imitate Superman flying around after watching cartoons, they can let them put on Superman's clothes and try to "fly" together in bed, and tell him under the premise of protection, "What you think of flying only exists in cartoons, which is impossible in reality, otherwise it will be very dangerous."
Psychologists believe that to prevent children from falling from high altitude, we should pay attention to the floating windows, floor-to-ceiling windows and other structures in the home, and avoid piling up sundries that can be used for climbing under the windows; More importantly, we should not neglect daily education. We should understand the psychology of young children and help them establish the concept of danger through games and simulations.
(C) underestimate the ability of children, relax vigilance
In the eyes of adults, children's activity level is actually very strong. Many accidents that happen to children are often related to children's activity ability far exceeding parents' estimates. Studies have shown that 14 and 15 months old children will hold railings or other objects, lift their feet a little and kick the ball away. Mom and dad should not underestimate the child's "one foot lift". By the age of this month, the child's balance ability has been enhanced. Intuitively, children seem to know how to keep balance. When the child's leg strength can support the whole body, he can fly with one foot, swing his lower limbs and kick the ball out.
The one-month-old child can even squat down and bend down to pick up things on the ground without taking anything.
Fourth, eliminate hidden dangers in windows and ensure the safety of children.
From the analysis of ordinary houses, there are three kinds of windows used in high-rise buildings, namely, bay windows, flat windows and floor-to-ceiling windows. There are several switching modes: left and right push-pull, push-down and side pull. Most of the windows where children fall are raised windows and movable windows, and the openings are relatively large. Children are younger. In order to reach the windowsill, they will use stools, beds and other things close to the windowsill, climb the stools and beds first and then climb the windowsill.
(a) the design and structure of the window itself basically meet the national requirements.
In the relevant national design codes, there are relevant provisions to prevent children from climbing. For example, according to the national Technical Measures for Civil Building Engineering Design, the window sill facing the air should not be less than 0.9 meters, and protective measures should be taken below this standard. According to the national General Principles for Design of Civil Buildings, the clear distance between railing uprights should not be greater than 0.11m.
In the design and construction of these aspects, the staff will strictly follow the relevant regulations, and there is no problem with the window itself.
However, in terms of indoor furniture layout, family members need to pay special attention. For example, tables and stools that children can climb are not allowed by the window.
(2) Reduce the hidden dangers of bay windows to children's safety.
In recent years, the design and development of bay windows account for a relatively large proportion in buildings, because good sight is the most popular.
It is understood that the floating window, the scientific name of which is floating window, as its name implies, is a window protruding outside the wall, and there are two forms: the outer "eight" shape and the "п" shape. As early as11980s, modern American architects used bay windows in villas designed for themselves, and this form often appeared in later villas. A bay window is characterized by a wide field of vision. In recent years, a large number of bay windows have been used in urban housing in China. Because high-rise residential buildings use this form of external windows, the windows are just like floating in the air, so they are named "floating windows".
Experts pointed out that according to the design standards, the convex window must be equipped with railings and safety glass, and the height should meet the national standards. Safety glass cannot be installed just because the railings are installed.
Under normal circumstances, when home decoration, for the sake of beauty, protective railings are often removed. Developers should install railings according to the specifications when handing over houses, but in real life, residents usually remove these protective railings. This practice has certain security risks.
Compared with casement windows, convex windows have greater security risks. In 2006, the former Ministry of Construction publicly solicited opinions on the "Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings", among which bay windows have been listed as unsuitable projects for residential buildings. According to reports, even if the bay window is set, if the protruding amount (from the inner wall of the bay window to the inner surface) exceeds 60 cm, it will not be approved because the energy saving is not up to standard. Because the larger the bay window area, the less conducive to heat preservation in winter; In summer, the transmitted solar radiation will increase, which will also increase the power consumption of air conditioners.
In fact, in order to prevent possible falling accidents, the national residential building code clearly stipulates the height, spacing and gap of balconies and stair railings-when the clear height of the outer window sill is less than 0.9 meters from the floor and ground, there should be protective facilities. It is stipulated that the depth should not exceed 0.8m and the height should not exceed 2.2m. Especially, the indoor trampling height should be controlled between 0.4 and 0.6, which is1.05m according to the height of the floor and the window sill.
1 The clear height of balcony railings on floors 6 should not be less than1.05m.. The clear height of balcony railings on floors 7 and above should not be less than1.10m. Balcony railings should have protective measures. The clear distance between protective railing uprights should not be greater than 0.11m. The clear width of the stair section should not be less than1.10m. When the clear width of the stairwell is greater than 0. 1 1 m, measures must be taken to prevent children from climbing and sliding. In the actual operation of buildings, these standards should be strictly implemented.
In general, if the bay window is 45cm above the ground, the height of the protective railing from the window sill should be 90cm and 120cm.
For safety reasons, those low windowsills or floor-to-ceiling windows and all houses with bay windows need to be equipped with protective railings. The indoor concave space formed by bay windows and wide windowsills will attract children to climb up and play, which is prone to fall accidents. The bay window hangs outside the wall, which makes people dizzy and dangerous when cleaning the glass.
Compared with flat windows, convex windows have greater hidden dangers, so multi-storey and high-rise houses should be used with caution! In view of the past incidents of children falling from buildings, experts analyzed the hidden dangers of indoor children falling from buildings, mainly including: first, the gap between balcony railings was too large; Second, the bay window is unprotected; The third is the table and bed by the window; The fourth is the public stairs.
(3) The French window shall be equipped with protective fence and laminated glass.
As far as French windows are concerned, the practicality is actually the same, but the view is better. Emphasize that the guardrail must be done well and the height must meet the requirements. Most floor-to-ceiling windows are fully enclosed, but this does not mean safety. According to the requirements, the bottom 0.9 m of French window must be made of safety plexiglass, and the size of single glass is also controlled, not exceeding 1.5 square meters.
The most important thing is to install vertical railings inside so that children can't step on them. If you make a horizontal railing, children can still step on it.
At present, architects can choose non-laminated glass as floor-to-ceiling windows at will, but if they encounter collision, they may stab people.
Experts suggest that laminated glass should be used for floor-to-ceiling windows, because there is a plastic film in the middle of laminated glass, which will not cause harm to people when the glass bursts. But laminated glass is more expensive than tempered glass. In particular, couples who have children or are newly married and plan to have children in the future must consider the safety of their families.
(4) Don't put beds, tables and cabinets by the window for casement windows to reduce the risk factor.
Casement windows are common, mainly to control the height of windows. The way to open the casement window is nothing more than pushing and pulling left and right and opening outward. The height of the window is also required to be 0.9 meters, but the indoor step height is difficult to control, so it is easy for children to climb up with a stool. Therefore, adding an invisible safety net or screen window outside the casement window will increase safety. Opening the window is nothing more than strengthening air circulation. The use of screen window can not only ensure circulation, but also play a role in safety protection. It is more convenient to move the screen window left and right, and both the flat window and the screen window can be translated.
There are many windows in midsummer, so everyone should pay attention to the dangers that follow. Families with children may wish to change the casement window into an inverted window.
The windows of civil houses basically belong to flat push type. There are indeed many windows with potential safety hazards. In the investigation, we found that there are many such situations, such as the floor is not high but there is no guardrail. Moreover, some residential heating has also made a platform, forming a bay window. Some people move their beds under the windowsill, so that the distance between the bed and the windowsill is less than half a meter, and they often put their children on the windowsill to play. Only after the tragedy of other people's homes did I know how big the security risks at home were.
Windows at home are generally flat-pushed, and there is only one layer of screen mesh in summer. This window is easy to push left and right, but in summer, it is easy for children to push it naughty.
So many painful lessons once again show that families with young children should take closed protection measures for windows. If there are no protective measures, parents must pay attention to the unsealed windowsill and whether there are potential safety hazards in furniture placement.
We should also reflect on the hidden dangers of high-rise residential windows. The safety of window design and construction in high-rise buildings is very important. Sometimes, beauty is often valued by people, and safety will only arouse people's vigilance when danger occurs. Experts suggest that if the family has children under 6 years old, it is best to install invisible protective nets in the windows of houses above 3 floors.
(5) Avoid the threat of window opening to children's safety.
Window opening methods can be roughly divided into these types: left and right push-pull, push-down, and side pull. In fact, the side pull type and the push type are the same. For children, children over 2 years old can open it. Therefore, when installing, experts suggest that customers with children at home should add guardrails and use screens with guardrails. This is the most effective barrier to prevent children from accidentally falling.
1, push down the window. Sliding doors are mostly used in kitchens and bathrooms, and the safety factor is relatively high, because the opening scale is around 10 cm, and children are not easy to fall down. But this method is mostly used in kitchens and bathrooms, bedrooms and living rooms where children often stay.
2. Pull the window sideways. Side-pull windows are mostly used in living rooms and bedrooms. Side pull is divided into full side pull, lower side pull and upper side pull, in which the safety factor of upper side pull is relatively high, because there is a glass window with a certain height below the opened window, which is equivalent to increasing the height of the windowsill. All-side pulling and lower-side pulling have great security risks.
3. Push-down windows. Flat sliding windows are mostly used in living rooms and bedrooms. Low safety factor. Just like the side pull type, the flat push type can also be opened by children over 2 years old. Therefore, in the installation, it is recommended that families with children install guardrails and use screens with guardrails. This is the most effective barrier to prevent children from accidentally falling.
(6) Installing guardrail is an effective barrier to ensure children's safety.
Experts pointed out that from experience, the most effective way to prevent children from falling is to install cages or railings. Don't be afraid of ugliness. Families with children must work hard in this regard. In some communities, residents are not allowed to keep cages outside the walls, so they install them on the windows or install hidden protective nets.
Of course, the safety standards of some buildings should also keep pace with the times. However, some railings are made into fancy for the sake of beauty, which leads some children to step on them, which is actually potentially dangerous. The height of the railing should be calculated with the lowest treadable surface as the horizontal plane, and no treadable surface below 60 cm is allowed, because older children can step on it in one step. In the actual operation of buildings, these standards should be strictly implemented.
Some experts also said that today's children are growing fast and tall, but the standards of safety facilities in many places still follow the standards of more than a decade ago or even a generation ago, and should be revised in time.
Experts remind: Different windows should take different protective measures. In addition to balconies and stairs, the safety hazards of windows can not be ignored. At present, bay windows, flat windows and floor-to-ceiling windows are widely used by high-level users. For the sake of safety, different windows should take different protective measures. At present, the more popular and practical flat windows on the market are divided into two types: left and right push-pull and outward flat opening. It is suggested that families with children should deal with the position and distance between furniture and windows in rooms with casement windows, and do not place climbable items such as tables, chairs and boxes to prevent children from climbing up the windowsill. French windows are widely used in high-rise buildings, but when installing French windows, there must be protective fences indoors. The biggest feature of bay window is its wide field of vision, but the wide windowsill of bay window will attract children to climb up and play, which is prone to falling accidents. In multi-storey and high-rise residential buildings, bay windows should be used cautiously.
(7) Problems that should be paid attention to when installing the invisible protective net.
What should I pay attention to when installing invisible protective net?
1, the installer was not responsible for the hasty installation, and the owner did not accept it, so we don't know whether it is qualified.
2. Steel wire has certain flexibility and elasticity. Although it has been tightened during installation, it may become loose after a long time. You should find a professional to tighten the wire regularly.
3. The invisible protective net of balcony or bay window is mostly installed on the guardrail. If the guardrail is not stressed enough and the steel wire is tightened, the guardrail will be deformed and the installer can only loosen the steel wire.
4. Choose the way of wall stress to install protective net. If the solid wall is stressed heavily, it will be stretched tightly and firmly, but if the wall is hollow, it will damage the wall, and the installer will not dare to pull the steel wire too tightly.
In short, adults can't pinch four side-by-side steel wires together, which shows that the tightness of this protective net is standard and safe.
Fourth, eliminate hidden dangers in windows and ensure the safety of children.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Safety measures to prevent children from falling.
80% falls occur at home, including falling out of bed, tripping, falling, bumping, falling off a building, etc. Infants and young children have a large head ratio and a high body center of gravity, which is easy to fall. Although most falls are minor injuries, parents must be more careful so as not to cause unnecessary harm to their children.
(1) Parents should not create a depraved environment for their children.
Don't put your baby on anything higher than the ground, such as tables, chairs, beds, etc. When adults turn around, it may be dangerous, and the development speed of your baby's sports ability often exceeds the parents' prediction. Don't put tables, stools, beds and other furniture by the window to prevent children from falling from the window sill after climbing.
(2) Minimize the factors that may lead to falls.
The crib should be equipped with guardrail, and the surrounding ground should be covered with thick carpet to prevent falling. Sharp table corners should be protected or wrapped in cotton cloth. Don't pile up toys, benches and other items in the children's activity room to prevent tripping and injury. If the baby often sleeps in a big bed, it is recommended to configure a strong Mongolian mosquito net. When the child is in bed, the zipper can effectively prevent the child from falling off the bed, but it is necessary to educate the older children not to intentionally hit the mosquito net.
(3) Install guardrails to improve the safety factor.
Windows and balconies above the second floor should be equipped with guardrails with spacing less than the diameter of the child's head. For families with stairs, a guardrail with a lock should be installed on the upper stairs, and a guardrail more than one meter high should be installed on the outside of the stairs. There should be no crossbar in the middle and lower parts of the guardrail to prevent children from climbing.
(d) Children should explore the terrain when they are outdoors.
In outdoor activities, parents should explore the terrain, especially the seemingly safe squares and grasslands, and check whether there are obstacles. Children should take care of their hands and eyes when playing.
Once a child falls, he should immediately check the injured object and the injured part, judge the injury and take corresponding measures. If it is soft tissue injury: slight abrasion, keep dry after disinfection. A laceration with more bleeding needs pressing to stop bleeding. Head laceration is the most common in children. Because of the rich blood vessels in the head, there is often a lot of bleeding. You should press the wound with sterile gauze immediately. Sanitary napkins and diapers are also good substitutes. For bleeding wounds, the nearby arteries should be pressed; For anterior head bleeding, press the temple; For cerebral hemorrhage, the posterior auricular artery should be pressed; For limb hemorrhage, a tourniquet should be used on the upper part of the affected part to raise the affected limb. Bandage, nylon stockings, rubber band, etc. It can be used as a tourniquet. It should be tightened after being padded with a soft object and relaxed for five minutes every half hour to avoid tissue ischemia and necrosis.