65438+the end of 2009 and the beginning of the 20th century: During this period, the forms of foreign powers' invasion of China have undergone great changes. Economically, capital export has become the main form of aggression, which, in coordination with economic aggression, has set off a frenzy to carve up China politically. World capitalism has developed to the stage of imperialism. During this period, the countries that invaded China, except Britain, France and the United States, Germany, Japan and Italy all entered the stage of imperialism and joined the ranks of invading China. Due to the change of power balance among imperialists, the United States has its own independent policy of invading China.

Characteristics of aggression against China in modern times (including the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century)

1, the characteristics of foreign powers invading China are closely related to the whole process of capitalist development. For example, the two opium wars reflected the demand for commodity exports during the rising period of capitalism; However, the invasion of China by foreign powers after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 reflected the basic characteristics of the demand for capital export aggression during the transition to the imperialist stage.

2. The characteristics of foreign powers invading China; There are close contradictions between China and capitalist countries, and the process of invading China can clearly reflect their struggle and the rise and fall of their influence in China.

3. The great powers colluded and fought with each other in the process of invading China, and their fundamental starting point was to satisfy the interests of their own bourgeoisie to the maximum extent.

4. In the war of aggression against China, foreign powers colluded and contradicted with the reactionary government of China, among which collusion was the main reason, which was the need of their common counter-revolutionary interests and the need of suppressing the China revolution. The great powers successively supported the Qing government, the northern warlords and the new warlords of the Kuomintang as tools for their aggression against China.

The main ways of modern capitalist powers invading China.

(1) launched wars of aggression against China, such as the two opium wars, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China, and the Japanese fascist war of aggression against China.

(2) Forced to sign unequal treaties, such as the Sino-British treaty of nanking, the Sino-Japanese treaty of shimonoseki, and the Xin Chou Treaty. (3) Infringement of China's sovereignty: such as opening concession, controlling tariffs, undermining judicial power (consular jurisdiction, one-sided MFN treatment), seizing concession, dividing spheres of influence, etc.

(4) Interfering in China's internal affairs and manipulating the China regime, such as controlling the Qing government, manipulating the Beiyang warlord government and supporting Chiang Kai-shek.

(5) Occupation of China: Britain, Russia and Japan mainly occupied large areas of China, such as Hongkong, Northeast, Northwest, Taiwan Province and Shandong.

(6) Suppressing the people's revolution in China: for example, helping to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement, suppressing the Boxer Rebellion, sabotaging the Revolution of 1911, obstructing the Northern Expedition, supporting a counter-revolutionary coup, and helping Chiang Kai-shek attack the liberated areas.

(7) Economic aggression: such as extorting compensation, dumping goods, plundering raw materials, exporting capital and plundering land, labor and resources.

(8) Spiritual and cultural aggression: such as preaching, running schools and implementing enslavement education.