1, Study on Danger:
Mencius: "Establish learning to teach it. Those who are embarrassed, raise also; Learn and teach; Order, shoot also. School, Xu, Zhou Yueyao. Learning is shared by three generations, so it is also a good relationship. "
Huang (Qing): "The ancients taught us that the family learned, the party was embarrassed, the countryside was orderly, and the state learned."
2, the original form of the school:
Yao: Raising livestock and storing grain, also known as the care, care and education of children by the elderly.
School: wooden prisoners. A place surrounded by wood for raising horses later evolved into a place for practicing martial arts and fighting.
There were two schools of thought in Xia Dynasty, namely "order" and "learning", both of which attached great importance to military education.
3. Shang School
Ritual education, religious ceremony, shooting
There were mature and systematic characters and written books in the Shang Dynasty, and the school form of "Zhezong" appeared in the Shang Dynasty. Learning etiquette and martial arts is the main educational content of business school. The content of etiquette is mainly to learn sacrificial rites and music songs, while the content of martial arts is mainly to learn comprehensive etiquette behaviors such as shooting. Astronomical calendar has made great progress, and arithmetic has also become the content of school teaching.
4. Schools in the Zhou Dynasty
"Learning in the official" is the main feature of the education system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The main manifestations are that academics and education are controlled by the government, and laws and regulations, ancient books and documents, and ritual vessels used in sacrificial ceremonies are all controlled by the government, and ordinary people have no contact at all. Under the system of "learning depends on officials", a relatively perfect school education system has been formed from the central government to the local government, with the six arts of etiquette, music, archery, imperial examination, calligraphy and mathematics as the main educational contents.
Schools in the Western Zhou Dynasty have a relatively complete system, which can be divided into two categories: one is Chinese studies and the other is rural studies.
The Western Zhou School takes "Six Arts" as its basic educational content. The so-called "six arts", that is, ceremony, music, shooting, royal, calligraphy, number. Among the six arts, there are also "big arts" and "small arts". Ritual, music, shooting and defense are great skills, which are university courses, while books and numbers are minor skills, mainly for primary schools. The "ritual" teaching in the Western Zhou Dynasty is mainly the training of the code of conduct, operational skills and personal cultivation in the political life of the country, which is necessary for aristocratic children. "Music" includes vocal music, instrumental music and dance. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, morality, language and dance were taught. "Happiness is why we practice, and courtesy is why we practice." Shooting "refers to archery, and" Imperial "refers to driving. "Book" refers to writing, and "number" refers to arithmetic.
5. Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, official learning declined and private learning rose. A group of new intellectuals, represented by Confucius and Mozi, gathered to give lectures in a new form of running schools and became pioneers in setting up private schools and spreading academic culture. (reasons: first, the spread and downward movement of academics; Second, the emergence of a new "scholar" class)
1) The emergence of the "scholar" class
(1) Samurai: Chivalrous, Lux, etc.
(2) The scribes: sages, businessmen, alchemists, hermits, etc.
(3) Junior officials
2) Popularization and popularization of education
3) Separation of official education and private education
6, official school
1) Han Dynasty Imperial College
(1) Teacher: Doctor (Poetry, Books, Rites, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn)
(2) students: doctoral students
The central official school in Han Dynasty was mainly imperial academy, which was located in the capital Chang 'an. Teacher: doctor; Student: Doctoral student. Local official schools are established according to administrative divisions, and are called county middle schools, county middle schools and township middle schools, arranged in the order of gathering; There is a Confucian classics teacher in each school, and a Confucian filial piety teacher in each school, Yi and Xu, who are responsible for local Confucian education.
The education in Han Dynasty takes Confucian classics as teaching materials, and advocates that education should be enlightened and practiced. Its educational facilities and ideas are in harmony with the electoral system of the Han Dynasty.
2) imperial academy in Ming and Qing Dynasties: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were imperial academy and Zongxue (aristocratic schools) in the central government, and there were official schools, state schools and county schools in the local areas. There are also health sciences (military schools) in frontier areas and special places. Local schools are not affiliated with each other and are eligible to send students to imperial academy.
7. Private schools
1) private school development: the study of Confucianism and Mohism; Hundred schools of thought contend; Gong Xue, Xia Ji (Gong Xue, Xia Ji) was built under the Jimen Gate in Linzi, the capital of Qi during the Warring States Period. It is a national institution established by the rulers of Qi State to train scholars. With the help of the country's financial and material resources, it lasted for a century and a half, and almost concentrated scholars of various schools at that time. Although Xia Ji Gong Xue was officially opened by Qi State, it is actually a collection of many private schools. Its characteristics are as follows: First, "rule first, talk later", that is, scholars do not hold specific official positions, generally do not undertake administrative affairs for the reference of rulers, but engage in their own academic research and lecture activities every day. Therefore, Xia Ji Gong Xue actually plays the role of a "think tank". Second, free debate. Jixia Academy adopts the policy of academic freedom and inclusiveness, and all factions occupy a certain position in Jixia Academy. In order to get their theory recognized, they have to convince others through public debate, which enlivens their thinking and prospers their research. In the "regular meeting" held in Gong Xue, not only teachers and tourists of the whole school can participate freely, but also students can participate in the rebuttal debate. This kind of democracy and equality between teachers and students in the academic field is helpful to broaden our horizons, and is also conducive to the growth of talents, which has played a great role in liberating and invigorating students' minds. Third, learn from teachers. Xia Ji Gong Xue's teaching method is very special. In teaching, students can attend classes freely and implement the policy of freedom of study tour. At that time, there were both individuals and groups who came to Jixia Xuegong. You can ask to join at any time, or you can leave at any time, without any restrictions. After students come to Jixia Xuegong, not only one teacher, but also other teachers can come to attend classes for advice. This flexible teaching system enables students to be exposed to various theories, breaking the limitations of academic schools, and all schools criticize and absorb each other in Jixia Academy, which promotes academic development. Fourthly, in terms of student management, Xia Ji and Gong Xue formulated the first student code in history-Disciples' Duties, the full text of which is contained in Guanzi. From respecting teachers to respecting morality, from eating and drinking to dressing, from classroom teaching to after-class review, there are strict regulations. From the standpoint of disciples, we can see the overall characteristics of Jixia Xuegong in managing students, which embodies the purpose, plan and organization of teaching. This theory has been passed down from generation to generation and has far-reaching influence. )
2) The development of private school: Confucianism and private school of Confucianism in education, the meaning of private school, the forms of private school (lectures, academies, family education), and the role of private school: popularizing Confucian classics and the birthplace of imperial examination talents.
3) Ancient famous academies
Song Dynasty: Yuelu, Bailudong, Songyang, Yingtianfu, Maoshan, Shigu, Hualin and Tang Lei.
Ming Dynasty: Ziyang and Donglin Academy
4) History of private schools: As the name implies, private schools are private schools. The ancient private schools in China began in the Spring and Autumn Period. According to historical records, the earliest private school was founded by Deng Zheng in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. He taught himself Bamboo Punishment and specialized in procedural law. At the same time, Zheng's Bo Fengzi also opened a private school. These were all before Confucius' private school. At that time, the largest private school was Confucius, and Shao Zhengmao's private school was also very famous, which once attracted Confucius students. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, private schools were more prosperous. The most famous schools are Confucianism and Mohism, which were called "outstanding schools" at that time. During the Warring States period, private schools were popular, and Mencius took "following hundreds of people" as the teaching purpose to clarify human relations; Xunzi taught in Chu, Chyi Chin, and trained first-class politicians and theorists Li Si and Han Fei at that time. Mohist private school is a strictly disciplined political group and school, which requires students to have the spirit of hard work, obedience and self-sacrifice, and attach importance to productive labor and scientific and technological knowledge education. Taoism, represented by Lao Dan and Zhuang Zhou, absorbed many thoughts of legalists, military strategists and Confucianism in the later period, and gave lectures in Xihe in summer, with more than 300 disciples including Li Kui, Wuqi and others.
In the Han Dynasty, folk credit was divided into two parts. One is a library or a learning library that focuses on enlightenment education. First, teach it to read the Book of Filial Piety and The Analects. The first is to teach the essence of Confucian classics. Jing she was generally built by famous scholars who were proficient in Confucianism at that time. Some Confucian scholars have taught thousands or even tens of thousands of disciples, and their lectures have begun to have the nature of academic discussion and research.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the rise and fall of official learning was impermanent, and private learning was relatively developed. Famous Confucian scholars get together to give lectures, and hundreds of people often come to listen. For example, Lei Cizong is in Lushan Mountain, Gu Huan is in Tiantai Mountain, Shen Dewei is a doctor in imperial academy, and he has to give lectures when he goes home. Many nobles and scholars also came here to answer questions. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Xu lectured for more than twenty years, with as many as ten thousand students.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, official learning flourished and private learning also developed. For example, Wang Tong and Cao Xian, great scholars in Sui Dynasty, and Yan Shigu, Kong, Yin and Han Yu in Tang Dynasty all taught students in private schools. Many famous scholars lived in seclusion in scenic spots, set up schools and established academies, which was the origin of the prosperity of academies in Song Dynasty.
Private education and enlightenment education were fully developed in the Song Dynasty. After three times of promoting learning in the Northern Song Dynasty, the official learning in the Southern Song Dynasty was nominal, and many scholars devoted themselves to private learning. The enlightenment education in this period has formed a relatively stable teaching content, and most of the enlightenment textbooks such as Three Amethyst, Hundred Family Names and Hundred Poems were compiled or revised by Song people.
Private schools in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties were also very active, because the ruling class and different ethnic groups changed, and all ethnic groups urgently needed to speed up the training of their own talents for governing the country. However, frequent wars made official schools far from meeting the needs, and private schools flourished, with the emergence of private schools, family schools, lecture halls, family schools and other forms. Private schools in Ming and Qing Dynasties still flourished after Song and Yuan Dynasties, and there was no big difference in form. In addition, it is worth mentioning that after the end of the Tang Dynasty, a number of academies came into being in private schools. After the development of the Song Dynasty, they were transformed into official schools in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is one of the contributions of private schools in the history of China.