First, education in primitive society.
1. Spontaneity, universality, no hierarchy, no class. In primitive society, the means of production belong to public ownership, so the children are also public ownership, so education is equal to every child without any discrimination or difference, so it mainly embodies no hierarchy and no class.
2. Combination of education and productive labor. In primitive society, there were no schools, and all the experiences of production and life were taught to children in the process of productive labor, which reflected the combination of education and productive labor. This was the first combination.
3. The content of education is simple and the way of education is single. Because of the low level of productivity at that time, children could only learn relevant production and life experience, and they were only limited to imitation and word of mouth to gain experience.
Second, education in ancient society.
1. The development of ancient education in China
(1) Dynasty: The earliest schools in China appeared in the Xia Dynasty, and their names were Yao, Xu and Xiao respectively. At this time, education has become a special function of society.
(2) Western Zhou Dynasty: Chinese studies and rural studies appeared. Chinese studies are located in vassal countries, while rural studies are located in local areas. They are mainly in the form of official studies, facing slave owners, showing the characteristics of integration of politics and religion and learning in officials, and embodying the characteristics of class. Then, in this period, the six arts (the number of books shot by rites and music) were the main content, and the core was rites and music.
(3) Spring, summer and Warring States: In the Spring and Autumn Period, private schools rose, and they were free to give lectures and run schools, which broke the government's restrictions on learning in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and education began to be open to all. During the Warring States period, private schools flourished, and prominent schools led by Confucianism and Mohism appeared.
(4) Han dynasty: official and private parallel. During this period, Dong Zhongshu's cultural and educational policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" put Confucianism in an orthodox position.
(5) Sui and Tang Dynasties: There were six schools and two libraries, and officials of different levels went to different schools to study, which reflected the hierarchical system. In the talent selection system, the imperial examination system was established.
(6) Song Dynasty: Academies prevailed. The content of study is mainly four books and five classics.
(7) Ming and Qing Dynasties: Eight-part essay became the fixed format of scientific research in Ming Dynasty, and the imperial examination system was abolished in late Qing Dynasty.
In ancient society, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the dividing points between slave society and feudal society. In slave society, education is class-oriented. In feudal society, education was hierarchical. Secondly, the main content of slave society is six arts, and the main content of feudal society is four books and five classics. In ancient society, the name of school appeared, and education became a special social function, so education was separated from productive labor, which was the first separation.
2. The development of ancient western education
(1) Ancient Egypt: There were schools for monks and schools for scribes. Teach students the ability of writing, writing and ruling, and train students to be certain officials, that is, show the characteristics of taking monks as teachers and officials as teachers.
(2) Ancient India: According to the caste system, people were divided into four classes, namely Brahman, Khrushchev, Vedas and sudra. The highest class is Brahman, so during this period, the Vedic classics were mastered.
(3) Ancient Greece: The most important city-state systems were Sparta and Athens. Sparta attached importance to military sports, trained people into military talents through military education, and was characterized by martial arts. Athens pays attention to the harmonious development of body and mind and is characterized by Chongwen.
(4) Western Europe in the Middle Ages: There were two kinds of school names, missionary school and knight school. Focus on mastering the seven arts, including three subjects (grammar, rhetoric, dialectics) and four studies (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music), and simply understand the seven skills of the knight school.
Third, education in modern society.
1. Characteristics of modern education
(1) the state has strengthened its attention and intervention in education, and public education has risen. It shows that the country has begun to attach importance to education and vigorously develop education.
② Popularize compulsory primary education. Compulsory education originated in Germany in the16th century. In other words, the slogan of universal education appeared in capitalist society.
③ Secularization of education. Emphasize that education should be divorced from religion and get rid of the nature of religion.
④ Attach importance to education legislation and advocate the rule of law. The state began to regulate people's educational behavior through legislation.
⑤ There is a dual-track system. Britain is the first dual-track country.
⑥ A systematic modern school education system has been formed. In ancient times, although there was a school name, there was no formal education system. After entering the modern society, a systematic school education system has emerged.
The characteristics of modern education can be grasped by formula: public junior high schools have double happiness.
2.the characteristics of post-20th century education
First, lifelong education. Simply put, it's never too old to learn, no matter how old you are. It includes not only formal education, but also informal education and other forms.
Second, the popularization of education. Education must be open to all, so that everyone has the opportunity to receive education.
Third, the democratization of education. Educational opportunities should be equal for all, which are reflected in three aspects: equal starting point, equal process and equal result, which can correspond to admission, further study and employment respectively. In addition, it can also be reflected in the expansion of autonomy. Especially after the implementation of the new curriculum reform in modern society, the state began to advocate three-level curriculum management, and there appeared national curriculum, local curriculum and school-based curriculum. In addition to the education administrative department of the State Council, the provincial education administrative department and school teachers can compile the curriculum.
Fourth, the modernization of education. Rather than the identity and unity of education. Advocate the diversification of training objectives, course content and evaluation criteria.
Fifth, the modernization of education. Mainly reflected in the modernization of people's thinking and technical means.
After understanding the characteristics of education after the 20th century, the formula is summed up as "more people will expose the stuffing, which is convenient for everyone to master".
practise
1. The following statement reflects the characteristics of primitive social education ().
A. Education is hierarchical and class-oriented. B. Compulsory primary education is widely implemented.
C. Education is divorced from productive labor D. Education is fair and extensive.
1. Answer D. Analysis: A and C are the characteristics of ancient social education; B belongs to the characteristics of modern education.
2. In ancient China society, () was regarded as the basis of basic teaching materials and imperial examinations.
A. Six Arts B. Four Books and Five Classics
C. The Analects of Confucius D. Eight-part essay
2. Answer B. Analysis: It is mentioned in the title that the imperial examination was established in feudal society, and the main content of feudal society was the four books and five classics.
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