Learner differences include "congenital differences" and "acquired differences". Congenital differences mainly refer to the physiological and intellectual differences of learners; Acquired differences mainly refer to learners' differences in psychology, personality, personality, interest, ability, experience and knowledge accumulation. Educators in Taiwan Province summed up the differences among learners in five aspects: physical development, intelligence, emotion, personality and sexual orientation.

These differences are mainly reflected in the differences in "adaptability" and "effectiveness" of learners' learning behavior for different learning contents, which ultimately leads to the advantages and disadvantages of learners' academic performance in different knowledge fields.