Introduction of Confucius

Confucius (5565438 BC+0-479 BC), named Zhong Ni, was born in Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.

Confucius was a famous thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. According to legend, there are 3000 disciples and 72 disciples of saints. Confucius led his disciples around the world 14 years. Confucius is also an ancient literature collator. He edited poetry books, defined rites and music, and prefaced Zhouyi as Chunqiu. Confucius' thoughts and theories have far-reaching influence on later generations.

The life of Confucius:

The distant ancestor of Confucius was a noble in the Song Dynasty and a descendant of the Yin royal family. After the destruction of Yin, the Song Dynasty made Yin the imperial clan. From spread to, Song and Ding, and then to. Gong Min's eldest son Fu Fu asked his younger brother to worship this country. What does your father do? Confucius' ancestors changed from serving families to serving officials' families. He Zhi, the great grandson of Fu's father, is taking an examination of his father. He has served as a senior minister for a long time and is known for his modesty. Confucius' father Jia, the sixth ancestor of Confucius, was succeeded by Song Sima. According to Zhou's etiquette system, doctors are not allowed to wait on their ancestors. "Five generations of relatives and friends, don't wait for the public." Therefore, their descendants took Kong as their surname. After the Song Dynasty, Taizaihua's father personally directed the uprising and killed Gong and Kong's father Jia. His descendants took refuge in Lu (since then, Kong has been a native of Lu), and his position in the Qing Dynasty began to lose and he was reduced to a scholar. Fang Shu, the great-grandfather of Confucius, was once a butcher in Fang Lu. Xia Bo's grandfather's deeds have not been tested. My father's name is Ge, uncle Zi, also known as Shu. He is a samurai and is famous for his bravery. Shu married Shi first and had no children. My concubine gave birth to a son and became ill. Later, she remarried to Yan Zai and gave birth to Confucius.

According to the Family History of Confucius, the year of Confucius' birth is generally recorded as twenty-two years of Duke Xiang of Lu, but the Historical Records does not record his date and birthday, and the Biography of Gu Liang records that Confucius was born in October. Converted into the current Gregorian calendar, it should be born on September 8 +0, 5565438 BC.

Confucius was born in Shandong. Lu, his son, is the fief of Boqin, where intact cultural relics and ancient books of the Zhou Dynasty are preserved and known as the "hometown of rites and music". In the 29th year of Duke Xiang of Lu (544 BC), Wu's son was amazed at Lu. In the second year of Lu (the first 540 years), the doctor of Jin Dynasty visited Lu, and after reading it, he praised "Zhou Li is in Lu!" Lu's cultural tradition and academic decline at that time had a great influence on the formation of Confucius' thought.

Confucius lost his father in his early years and his family declined. He once said: "I am cheap because I am few, so I can despise." When I was young, I worked as a "Commissioner" (in charge of granaries) and a "farmer" (in charge of cattle and sheep). Although Confucius lived in poverty, he was "determined to learn" at the age of fifteen. He is good at learning from others. He once said, "When we have a threesome, we must learn from each other. Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. " (The Analects of Confucius) He never tires of learning from an ordinary teacher. The villagers also praised him as "knowledgeable".

Confucius "stood at thirty" and began to give lectures. Whoever brings a little "Liang Xiu" will be accepted as a student. Such as Yan Lu, Ceng Dian, Luz, Berniu, You Ran, Zigong and Yan Yuan. Is one of the early disciples. Lu Zhishen's sons, Meng and Nangong, both came to learn etiquette, which shows the merits of Confucius in running a school. The establishment of private schools broke the tradition of "learning is in the official" and further promoted the downward movement of academic culture.

After the founding of Lu, the regime was in the hands of Sanhuan, headed by Ji. In the early years of Zhao Gong, the three families divided up the military power of the Lu army. Kong Liao once expressed indignation at Ji's trespassing behavior of "eight steps of court dance". In the 25th year of Zhao Gong (5 17 BC), there was civil strife in Lu, and Confucius left Lu to Qi. Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about politics, and Confucius said, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son." He added: "Politics is about saving money." The ruler of Qi is doctor Chen. Although he likes Confucius' words, he can't use them.

Confucius was frustrated in Qi, so he returned to Lu, "retiring to learn poetry, etiquette and music, and attracting many disciples". People come from far away to study in almost all the waiting countries. At that time, Lu was under the control of Ji, and Ji was controlled by his retainer. Confucius was dissatisfied that the government was not in the hands of the monarch, but in the hands of doctors, and was unwilling to be an official. He said, "Being unjust and rich is like a cloud to me."

In the ninth year of Lu (50 1 year), Yang Huo was expelled and Confucius was appointed as the commander of the capital of Lu at the age of 5 1 year. "After a year's work, it's dry on all sides." Therefore, it all moved to Sikong and was promoted to be a big shepherd. In the tenth year of Lu (the first 500 years), Confucius attended the Qilu Oracle Bone Conference. Confucius believes that "those who have military affairs must have weapons, and those who have military affairs must have weapons." Early preparedness frustrated Lu Jun's premeditated attempt to hijack him by force. He recovered the land occupied by Qi by diplomatic means. In the 12th year of Ding Dynasty (498 BC), in order to strengthen public office and contain Sanhuan, Confucius cited the ancient system that "the family does not hide armor, and the city has no pheasants", and put forward the plan of "reducing the three capitals", which was implemented through Ren Jishi's sub-road. Because Confucius took advantage of the contradiction between Sanhuan and courtiers, Ji Sun and his uncle Sun Shi agreed to destroy Fei Yi and Houyi respectively. Dan Shi was incited by his ministers, the people and his father and opposed the siege. It is impossible to set up a public encirclement. Confucius' plan was frustrated.

Confucius was an official of the State of Lu. People in the State of Qi were afraid that the State of Lu would become powerful and merge with themselves, so they enjoyed their daughters in the State of Lu and Ji. Ji was entertained by seven women and refused to listen to political affairs for three days. Confucius' political ambition was difficult to display, so he led more than ten disciples, including Yan Hui, Luz, Zigong and You Ran, to leave the "land of parents" and began a wandering life of 14 years. Confucius was 55 years old that year. Chen went to defend the country first, received courtesy first, and then was monitored for fear of being convicted. After crossing the quarry, he was besieged for five days. After the pass, I wanted to go to Jin in Puzhi, but I had to go back to Wei because of the civil strife in Jin. I met Nanzi, which aroused many doubts. Wei Linggong was lazy in politics and didn't need Confucius. Confucius said, "If you use me, it will take only one month and three years." The guards were in chaos at home, and Confucius left Wei Cao Jing to send Song directly. Sima Huankui of the Song Dynasty tried to kill Confucius. When he disguised himself as Zheng of the Song Dynasty, Confucius was sixty years old. Later, Confucius traveled back and forth to Cai Chen many times, between Cai Chen and Cai Chen. According to historical records, King Zhao of Chu came to hire Confucius, and Dr. Chen and Dr. Cai surrounded Confucius, causing famine for seven days. After the clearance, Confucius went to Chu, and soon King Zhao of Chu died. Wei wants to use Confucius. Confucius answered Lutz's question and said that "correcting the name" must be the first thing in politics. After returning to Wei, Confucius was regarded as a "sage", but it was still useless. In the eleventh year (484 BC), Ran returned to Lu and led the army to defeat the Qi army in Lang. Ji Kangzi sent someone to greet Confucius with coins. Confucius returned to Lu at the age of sixty-eight.

After Confucius returned to Lu, people in Lu praised "the country is old". At first, Lu Aigong and Ji Kangzi often asked each other about political affairs, but they were not reused. In his later years, Confucius devoted himself to sorting out documents and continuing to engage in education. In the 16th year of Lu Aigong (479 BC), Confucius died and was buried in Surabaya, north of Lucheng.

Confucius' life experience

According to textual research, Confucius' sixth ancestor was Kong, a doctor in the Song Dynasty. He worked as a Fu and was killed in the civil strife in the imperial court. His son Mu fled to Lu to avoid genocide. From then on, Kong settled down in this city and became a Lu native.

Confucius' father is called Ge (a word, and Ge is a name), and his mother is called Yan Zhizai. Shu Lianggan was a famous warrior in Lu at that time. He made two military exploits and worked as a doctor in Qiaoyi. Shu married Shi first, gave birth to nine daughters and no children. He married another concubine and gave birth to a son named Bernie, also named Meng Pi. There was something wrong with Meng Pi's foot, and Shu was very dissatisfied, so he married Yan Zhizai again. At that time, Shu was 66 years old and Yan Zhizai was less than 20 years old.

Confucius was born in Changping Township (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province) in 55 1 year BC (the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu). Because my parents prayed for the birth of a child on Niqiu Mountain, they named it Qiuzi. When Confucius was three years old, he died, and the Confucius family became the world of historians. Historians are evil. Meng Pi's biological mother was abused by historians and died one year before her death in Shu. Confucius and his mother were not tolerated by historians, so Yan Zhizai, the mother of Confucius, had to move to Qufu Que with Confucius and Meng Pi, and her life was difficult. Confucius/kloc-died when he was 0/7 years old. Confucius/kloc-married the daughter of an official in the song dynasty at the age of 0/9. A year later, the official gave birth to a son. Zhao Gong sent someone to congratulate him. Confucius felt very honored and named his son carp, the word "Bo fish".

A bumpy political career

Confucius was keen on politics all his life. He had the passion to serve the country and his own political opinions, but the supreme ruler always took a distant attitude towards him. He has only been in politics for more than four years. In these four years, he has done a lot of things and his position has been promoted rapidly. But after all, they parted ways because of their different political views with those in power. By this time, he was over 50 years old. Forced by the situation, he left Lu and began a political lobbying activity that was later called traveling around the world. 14 years, he ran around, was in distress many times, and almost died. Although he was welcomed back by Lu, Lu did not use Confucius after all.

Confucius wanted to do something since he was in his twenties, so he was very concerned about world affairs, often thinking about various issues of governing the country and often expressing some opinions. By the time he was 30, he was already famous. In the twentieth year of Emperor Zhao of Lu, when he visited Lu, he summoned Confucius to discuss the question of being king with him, and Confucius got to know him. In the twenty-fifth year of Lu, civil strife occurred in Lu, and Lu was forced to flee to Qi. Confucius also left Lu for Qi, where he was appreciated and entertained by Qi Jinggong. He even prepared to seal the fields around Nishi to Confucius, but the doctor Yan Ying stopped him. In the twenty-seventh year of Lu, at that time, the doctor of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. When Confucius heard this, he turned to Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old and can still use it." Confucius had to flee to Lu.

At that time, the state of Lu was actually in the hands of the doctor's retainer, which was called "ruling the country with the minister." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave them up until he was appointed as the capital master in 9 years. At this time, Confucius was 5 1 year old. Confucius was in charge of Zhongdu for one year, and his achievements were outstanding. He was promoted to a small ordinary, and soon he was promoted to a big sheep herder, taking photos to take care of Lu. 12 years, in order to weaken the Third Ring Road (the third-generation leader and uncle Heshi were called the Third Ring Road because they were three grandchildren), the state power of Lu at that time was actually in their hands, and some retainers of the Third Ring Road also controlled the Third Ring Road to varying degrees), and Confucius took measures to reduce the Third Ring Road (that is, demolishing the castle built by the Third Ring Road). Later, the action of capturing the three capitals was abandoned halfway, and the contradiction between Confucius and the Third Ring Road was also exposed. 13 years, Lu Dinggong, Qi sent 80 beautiful women to Lu, and Ji Huan's family accepted female music. The monarch and his subjects were addicted to singing and dancing, and ignored state affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon, Lu held a sacrifice in the suburbs. After the sacrifice, he didn't give the meat to Confucius as usual, which showed that Ji didn't want to hire him again. Confucius had to leave Shandong to find a way out and start traveling around the world.

Confucius first took his disciples to Weiguo, and Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. According to Lu's salary standard, he was given a salary of 60 thousand, but he was not given an official position and was not allowed to participate in politics. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 10 months. Because someone slandered Wei Linggong, Wei Linggong became suspicious of Confucius, and sent someone to publicly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius left Weiguo with his disciples and planned to go to Chen. When passing through Kuangcheng, I was besieged for five days because of misunderstanding. I fled Kuangcheng, came to Dipu, met my uncle, a patriotic aristocrat who launched a rebellion, and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to China to defend his country. Wei Linggong was very happy to hear that Confucius and his disciples had returned from Dipu, and went to meet him in person. Since then, Confucius has gone abroad several times and returned to China several times. On the one hand, Wei Linggong had both good and bad feelings towards Confucius; On the other hand, after Confucius went abroad, he had nowhere to go and had to return.

In the second year (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left Wei, passed through Cao, Song and Zheng, and went to Chen, where he lived for three years. When Wu attacked Chen, the war broke out and Confucius left with his disciples. When the Chu people heard that Confucius had arrived at the junction of Chen and Cai, they sent someone to meet him. Doctors in Chen and Cai knew that there was something wrong with what Confucius did, and they were afraid that Confucius would be reused in Chu, which was not good for them. So they sent laborers to surround Confucius and his disciples in the middle of the road, not relying on the village in front or the shops behind. After eating all the food they brought, they were deprived of food for seven days. Finally, Zigong found the Chu people, and Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, so that Confucius and his disciples were saved from death. Confucius returned to Weiguo at the age of 64. With the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to Lu at the age of 68, but he was still respectful. Lu Aigong 16, Confucius was 73 years old and died of illness.

Great educator

Confucius spent most of his life in the educational work of preaching, teaching and solving doubts. He created effective teaching methods; Summarized and advocated a set of correct learning principles; Formed a relatively complete teaching content system; Put forward a series of far-reaching educational thoughts; Set a good example of teachers' morality.

Confucius' educational activities can be roughly divided into three stages:

In the first stage, it took about seven or eight years from the beginning of running a school to seeking an official position in Qi State. At present, his disciples are not many, but he has achieved fruitful results in running schools and gained great reputation in society. During this period, Confucius' students included Yan Lu, the father of Yan Hui, who was only 6 years younger than him, and Luz, who was only 9 years younger than him. Lutz almost accompanied Confucius all his life.

The second stage: I traveled around the world from the age of 37 (in the twenty-seventh year of Lu, 5 15 BC) to the age of 55 (in the thirteenth year of Lu, 497 BC). This period is 18 years. During the period of 18, although Confucius was an official in politics for more than four years, he did not stop serving as a disciple. This stage is the stage of great development of Confucius education. His educational experience is getting richer and richer, his academic qualifications are getting higher and higher, his fame is getting bigger and bigger, and his disciples are getting more and more. His students are not only students from Lu, but also scholars from Qi, Chu, Wei, Jin, Qin, Chen, Wu and Song. Confucius' prestige has been established. Some of his famous disciples, such as Yan Hui, Zi Gong, Ran Qiu and Zhong Gong. Most of them entered Confucius during this period. Some of these disciples later followed him around the world, and some became politicians.

The third stage: from the age of 68 (eleven years in Lu Aigong. In 484 BC, he traveled around the world and returned to Lu, five years after his death. At this time, Ji Kangzi welcomed him back to Lu, but neither Ji Kangzi nor Ji Kang finally appointed him. Although he is a doctor, he sometimes expresses some political views, but no one listens to him. He focused on educating and sorting out ancient literature and classics. During this period, he also had many students, and trained outstanding disciples such as Xia Zi, Zi You, Zhang Zi and Zeng Shen. Most of these people later engaged in education. It played an important role in the formation and development of Confucian school and the spread of Confucius thought.

During the fourteen years of traveling around the world, Confucius never stopped his educational activities. He lived in Weiguo and Chen for several years without politics, and his disciples were all around, so it was impossible to have academic discussions without teachers and students. He took his disciples around the world, which broadened the horizons of these students and honed their will. This can be said to be a special educational activity. Confucius devoted his life to education. According to legend, there are 3,000 disciples and 72 disciples of saints, among whom Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu and Zhong Gong are outstanding in virtue. In terms of language, there are outstanding performances, such as Kill Me and Zi Gong, and You Ran and Luz have strong political handling ability. There are Ziyou and Xia Zi who are familiar with ancient documents. Among Confucius' disciples, many people made certain achievements and played an important role in politics at that time, especially in the spread of Confucius' thoughts and the formation and development of Confucianism.

Throughout Confucius' life, his influence on students is partly through word of mouth, through studying ancient documents, imparting various skills, and more profoundly setting an example. His diligence, his pursuit of truth, ideal and perfect personality, his integrity, kindness, modesty and courtesy, his loyalty to the country and his concern for the people deeply infected his students and future generations. Being strict with yourself and setting an example is not only Confucius' noble morality, but also an educational principle put forward by Confucius. Confucius loved education, students and tirelessly taught and educated people. He can treat students equally, learn from each other, be strict with himself and set an example. Confucius is a master of high morality.

Students have great respect for their teachers. When someone slanders Confucius, he stands up and defends his noble personality. "Uncle Sun Wushu destroyed Zhong Ni. Zi Gong said,' I don't think so! Zhong Ni is indestructible. Others' sages, mountains, can surpass them; Zhong Ni, the sun and the moon, nothing. Although people want to commit suicide, why hurt the sun and the moon? It is more common to see it without knowing the amount. "Some of Confucius' disciples have been with Confucius for almost a lifetime, and their feelings are deeper than those of father and son.

Confucius was buried on the bank of Surabaya in the north of Qufu after his death. His disciples treated Confucius' father with courtesy and mourned for him for three years. Zigong built a hut in front of Confucius' tomb and kept it for six years. The pioneer who founded private schools in the history of China, the first professional teacher, won the heartfelt respect of his disciples.

Confucius himself

In the 5,000-year history of China, Confucius was the person who had the greatest influence on the character and temperament of the Chinese nation. Confucius was an educator, thinker and half politician, but most importantly, he was a noble intellectual. He is upright, optimistic and enterprising, pursuing truth, goodness and beauty all his life and pursuing an ideal society all his life. His success and failure are related to his personality. His character has influenced China people for thousands of years, especially the intellectuals in China.

Angry and forgetful, happy and forgetful.

When Confucius was 63 years old, he once described himself like this: "You forget to eat when you are angry, but forget your worries when you are happy. I don't know that my old age is coming. " At that time, Confucius had led his disciples around the world for nine years and had gone through all the hardships. Not only did he not get the appointment of the governor, but he almost died. But Confucius was not discouraged, still optimistic, stuck to his ideals, and even knew that he could not do it.

Be content with poverty

Confucius said, "Being unjust and rich is like a cloud to me". In Confucius' mind, upholding justice is the highest value of life. When there is a contradiction between rich and poor and morality, he would rather be poor than give up morality. But we can't regard his peace and happiness as not seeking wealth, but seeking to maintain Tao, which is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Rich and expensive, people want what they want; If you don't take this road, you will accomplish nothing. Poverty and meanness are disgusting to people; If you don't take the main road, you won't go. " "Money is available, although there are many whips, I can do it. If you can't get it, just do as I say. "

Never tire of learning and never tire of teaching.

Confucius was famous for his eagerness to learn and showed great interest in all kinds of knowledge, so he was versatile and knowledgeable. At that time, he was so famous that he was almost regarded as an omniscient saint, but Confucius himself didn't know it that way. Confucius said, "A saint cannot learn, but never tires of teaching." Confucius learned that there was no teacher. Whoever has knowledge and who doesn't understand will worship him as a teacher. So he said, "A threesome must have a teacher."

Follow the path of integrity-conduct integrity.

Confucius was upright in nature and advocated going straight. He once said, "I treat others, who will ruin my reputation?" If you are famous, you have to try. Simin also, the reason why the three generations went straight. "Historical Records records that Confucius asked Lao Tzu to be polite when he was in his thirties. When he left, Laozi gave a message: "Smart and thorough, close to death, considerate. Those who argue the broad masses are in danger, and those who are evil are also. A son should not have his own, and a minister should not have his own. "This is Lao Tzu's kind reminder to Confucius, and it also points out some shortcomings of Confucius, that is, he looks at the problem too deeply and speaks too sharply, hurting some people with positions and bringing great danger to himself.

help others

Confucius founded the moral theory with benevolence as the core. He is also a kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "A gentleman's adult beauty is not evil", and "Do your best until you die" are all his life principles. Confucius said, "Five out of ten, I am determined to learn; I am thirty years old; Forty without confusion; At the age of fifty, I knew my destiny; I am obedient at the age of sixty; I am still obedient at the age of seventy; I didn't cross the line. " This is Confucius' summary of all stages of his life.

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