During the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, people were gradually glorified by China culture because they lived in the Central Plains for a long time. Emperor Xiaowen saw this and made a comprehensive sinicization to adapt to the times. I hope to solve the domestic problems in the northern Wei dynasty through sinicization. In addition, it also wants to improve sovereignty and combat the moral corruption of the nobility. From an objective and subjective point of view, Emperor Xiaowen's promotion of sinicization is actually in line with the times and the needs of the Xianbei national rejuvenation and reunification of China. This paper discusses the positive and negative effects of his sinicization movement and whether these effects can achieve the purpose of filial piety. The active purpose of Emperor Xiaowen's Sinicization Movement is therefore Sinicization, but its ultimate goal is to consolidate political power, reform the army, promote Xianbei nationality and unify China through Sinicization Movement. However, whether sinicization can achieve the expected effect of Emperor Wen is discussed below. Judging from the positive results, Wendi moved to Luoyang. Because Pingcheng is a secluded place in the north, with few hukou, cold climate, lack of rivers, frequent floods and droughts, and general shortage of food, Pingcheng can only be regarded as a useful place, which does not conform to the principle of civilized capital. The northern conservative forces have a kind of pressure on his reform. Therefore, if we do not leave Pingcheng, it is impossible to effectively implement localization. Only in this way can we successfully break the conservative spirit accumulated by Xianbei people for many years, leave the influence of Xianbei dignitaries and establish a Chinese-style country of culture, governance, etiquette and music. With the localization of the official system, Emperor Xiaowen established the official system with Wang Su and removed the Xianbei official name. According to the Wei-Jin system, the central civil and military officials, such as Zhang, San Gong, Shang Shu and Jiu Qing, were placed, and the official-Lu system was promulgated, which successfully banned corruption and those corrupt officials died. In terms of economic achievements, Emperor Xiaowen made a proposal from Wang Anshi in the ninth year of Taihe, giving all the fields an imperial edict and distributing the land to farmers for cultivation. In addition, he also implemented the system of renting agents, which reduced the burden on the people. For example, the Northern Wei Dynasty stipulated that every monogamous family had to pay a trace of Sulzer stone every year; Men are also required to perform national military service, which is a long-term system. "Wei Chu is not long-term, so there are many shadows attached to the people, and there are no official services attached to the shadows. It's twice the public tax. Therefore, in order to ensure the implementation and control of farmers, Taihe has implemented the watch system for ten years. It is stipulated that five households are one neighbor, five neighbors are one mile, and five miles are one party. The third supervisor is responsible for auditing the accounts and collecting the rent. Through this system, the shadow family is placed under the state family from the patriarch. With the establishment of the cremation system, Emperor Xiaowen made use of Li Biao's proposal to choose an aristocratic hall in * * *, and called the nobles of Beijing and Xianbei to be officials, so as to win the support of the extended family and prevent them from investing in the Southern Dynasties. This makes the habits of Xianbei and Han society closer and closer. Furthermore, it is forbidden to change one's surname to be buried, and the surnames of Xianbei people are mostly compound surnames, which are different from those of * * * and want to be simplified. The unification of surnames promoted the integration of Xianbei and Han nationality. Xianbei costumes and language were banned, and filial piety advocated costumes, rites and music. In the eighteenth year of Taihe, according to the Chinese system, people were required to wear clothes, and Hu Han was rewarded for intermarriage. Emperor Xiaowen encouraged Xianbei to intermarry with the * * * family, and he chose women such as Jihe Cui Shi, Fanyang Lushi and Taiyuan Wang as the post-officials, which eliminated the gap between Hu and Han and formed a powerful ruling group. In order to cooperate with the sinicization, Emperor Xiaowen attached great importance to the promotion of culture and education in China. Imperial academy and imperial academy were established, and Xianbei officials were ordered to send their children to imperial academy for study.

Reference: online papers

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is an era of great integration and collision between nomadic people in the northern grassland and Han culture in the southern Central Plains. During this period, the Sinicization Movement of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty set off a great national integration. The predecessor of the Northern Wei Dynasty was the northern minority nomadic Xianbei nationality. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, this nation has been in frequent contact with * * *, which not only occupied the homeland of Xiongnu, but also spread all over the country from Liaodong in the east to Longxi in the west. Due to the excavation of Tuoba's family, the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North and established the Northern Wei regime dominated by ethnic minorities. Then, after the Northern Wei regime unified the North, why did it implement the process of sinicization? This has to start with the historical origin and background of Xianbei nationality. Xianbei originated from nomadic people in the north. 1In July, 980, archaeologists from China discovered the stone chamber where the Tuoba people of Xianbei originally lived at the northern foot of Daxinganling, Alihe Town, Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Inner Mongolia, proving that Xianbei originated here. At first, Tuoba was at the end of primitive society. After Tuoba GUI became powerful, the primitive society disintegrated and entered the slave society. Due to the influence of Han culture in the Central Plains, slavery was not fully developed and soon transitioned to feudal society. Dialectical materialism holds that "external causes are the conditions for things to change, and internal causes are the basis for things to change". Tuoba family lived as nomads, and in the process of advancing from north to south, they came into contact with the advanced agricultural production technology of Han nationality. At the same time, when they shift from nomadic industry to agriculture, they will inevitably give up their pursuit of aquatic plants and live a settled agricultural production and lifestyle. Therefore, in order to further change the backward ruling system, absorb and accept the advanced civilization of * * *, and learn from * * *, they launched a sinicization movement in the era of Emperor Xiaowen. The main advocate of the Sinicization Movement in the Northern Wei Dynasty was Emperor Xiaowen. After he ascended the throne, he vigorously promoted the bold sinicization movement in the unified north. Its main contents include six aspects: moving the capital, reforming the official system, prohibiting Hu Yu and Hu Fu, changing Xianbei into Han surname, prohibiting intermarriage, and carrying out sinicization reform. First of all, let's take a look at the purpose and significance of Emperor Xiaowen's move to the capital. Pingyang has been the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty since Tuoba GUI made Pingyang its capital. But Pingyang is located in the north, so it is difficult to control the whole north. In addition, the moderate harassment of the north is very unfavorable to the consolidation of the northern Wei regime in military strategy. In addition, natural disasters occur all the year round, and floods and droughts are rampant. In 487 AD, the emperor wrote a letter saying, "Since the spring drought, there has been no grass in the wild." In addition, the northern part of China is mostly a minority of nobles, and the conservative forces are strong. Moving the capital without changing it is not conducive to the development of the Northern Wei regime. Therefore, Emperor Xiaowen moved his capital to Luoyang in 493 AD on the pretext of going south. Emperor Xiaowen said to Wang Yuan Cheng, Ren Cheng, "Goodsky lives in the north and lives in the city. Although it is rich in the four seas and has different traces, it is useless here. It is impossible to prosper literature. It is the imperial palace and the king of Heluo. For this reason, it is the great house of the Central Plains. " This shows the ambition of Emperor Xiaowen. The official system reform was carried out again. Emperor Xiaowen set up three divisions, three fairs, ministers, Zhongshu, Sizhao, Sizhen, Jiuqing and other civil and military officials in the central government. The establishment of local secretariat, county magistrate and magistrate is a good measure to punish official corruption. In addition, the false titles set by hereditary nobles in the palace were abolished. In the process of Emperor Xiaowen's Sinicization Movement, the most important thing is to prohibit propaganda and guide Hu Yu and Hu Fu to speak Chinese and wear Hanfu! As the king of a country, in order to strengthen the country and enrich the people, he took the lead in speaking Chinese and wearing Hanfu, which can be seen from Emperor Xiaowen's important record about the sinicization of his younger brother Wang Xi in Xianyang. "Since ancient times, I have been poor. How can I salute without clearing my name first?" Today, I will break all the northern languages, and I will follow Wu Zhi. With such gradual learning, weathering can be new; If it's still vulgar, I'm afraid that after several generations, under Elo's hand, I'll be the one who was sent. "Therefore, in 495 AD, Emperor Xiaowen issued an imperial edict, stipulating that the court should not speak Beiguan language, and if there are offenders, they will be exempted from official duties. Only in this way can we speak Chinese better and learn the classic works of * * *. In terms of restructuring, Emperor Xiaowen's restructuring of * * * * clothes was completed by skilled craftsmen for six years, and all Luo women had to wear Hanfu instead. On one occasion, Emperor Xiaowen visited Yecheng. He saw a woman in the car without Hanfu, and he ordered her to return. Why don't you study Shangshu? Cheng said, "There are still few talents, and the emperor said," Do you want to be benevolent? "Visible emperor xiaowen to ban khufu, wearing Chinese costume is very seriously. Emperor Xiaowen took great measures in changing Xianbei surname and intermarriage, taking the lead in changing Tuoba surname to Yuan surname, which accelerated the sinicization process of the Northern Wei regime. In 496 AD, Emperor Xiaowen changed Tuoba's surname to yuanshi county County, and all the surnames since the Northern Wei Dynasty were changed to Han's surname. In the aspect of intermarriage, Emperor Xiaowen ordered the custom of intermarriage of Xianbei with the same surname to be banned, and Emperor Xiaowen himself took the lead in actively advocating and promoting the intermarriage between Xianbei nobles and Han nationality. He himself married the daughters of Lushi, Qinghe Cui Shi, Xingyang Zheng and Taiyuan Wang as harem, and his daughter in Longxi as his wife. Many brothers of Emperor Xiaowen and some Xianbei nobles also married Han women as concubines. In this way, through the intermarriage between different races, the relationship between Xianbei people and Han people was further integrated, and the Xianbei nobles and the prestigious gentry were closely combined, which not only eliminated the national shields of both sides, but also fused their bloodlines and supported the rule of the feudal regime in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Emperor Xiaowen also reformed the criminal law on the basis of the above-mentioned sinicization reform, and abolished the law that both men and women undressed before execution. The formulation of the criminal law in the Northern Wei Dynasty inherited the Han and Jin Dynasties, and the monarch himself made laws and regulations. According to the Biography of Shu Wei and Li Chong, there is a rare etiquette of "harmony and righteousness" in the history of China, which depends on the essence and publication. "It can also be seen that Emperor Xiaowen attaches great importance to the etiquette system, and makes great efforts to internalize it. Emperor Xiaowen is also very interested in the culture and art of the Han nationality. He was educated in Chinese culture since he was a child. He not only talks about the significance of the Five Classics, but also dabbles in historical biographies and various schools of thought. He is also good at studying Han poetry. Emperor Xiaowen not only reformed the life customs of Xianbei nobles, but also educated them to learn Chinese culture and transformed them from a deeper cultural level. Emperor Xiaowen has a clear understanding of the backwardness of his own nation, and is not arrogant, impetuous, complacent and open-minded. He actively established schools, disseminated cultural knowledge, and collected books from all over the world, so that the northern culture, which had declined due to the war, began to revive. Driven by him, Xianbei people made rapid progress. Emperor Xiaowen also made great contributions to the development of religious art in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Emperor Xiaowen's father Xianwen is an extremely devout Buddhist, and he himself believes in Buddhism. Therefore, Emperor Xiaowen strongly advocated Buddhism. Buddhism developed rapidly during his reign. The development of Buddhism promoted the development of Buddhist art. At that time, the most important Buddhist art form was grotto art. The Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, one of the three largest grottoes in China, was dug in the year when Emperor Xiaowen officially moved to Luoyang. The reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Han Dynasty began with the reform of Xianbei old customs and learning the lifestyle and laws of the Han nationality, and began his own reform. First, it is forbidden for Xianbei nobles to wear Hu clothes, and all of them will wear Hanfu. Second, it is forbidden for Xianbei nobles to speak Xianbei language, and all of them will speak Chinese instead. Third: In 496 AD, it was ordered to change Xianbei's compound surname to Han surname, forbidding Xianbei people to marry with the same surname, and advocating Xianbei nobles to marry with Han nationality. He first changed the royal family's surname to Yuanshi County, so Emperor Xiaowen's Tuoba Juji is also called Ju Yuan Ji. Other 100 Xianbei surname changed to Han surname. At the same time, it ordered to change the native place of Xianbei people. It is stipulated that all Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang are Luoyang people and are not allowed to be buried in Saibei after death. These compulsory policies of Emperor Xiaowen are all aimed at reducing ethnic differences and ethnic barriers. Although many nobles are dissatisfied, they can only implement it. In order to win over the landlords of the Han nationality and expand the ruling foundation, Emperor Xiaowen also advocated intermarriage with the Han nationality. He took the lead in marrying the daughters of four Han families, Lu, Cui, Zheng and Wang, and married his daughter to a Han family. He also married the daughter of a Han landlord for his five younger brothers. This relationship linked the interests of Han landlords and Xianbei nobles and strengthened the ruling power of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Moreover, the blending of lineages accelerated the sinicization of Xianbei. Fourth, establish a gate valve system in Xianbei, and extend the gate valve system of Han landlords to Xianbei people. He divided Xianbei nobles and Han landlords into four classes according to their families, and determined the level of official positions according to their families. This system has been used until the Northern Dynasties, thus forming the Guanlong and Daibei ethnic groups. It was not until the Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian revised the records of surnames that the gate valve system was completely denied. Fifth, change Xianbei's official system, laws, etiquette and laws into Chinese system and get rid of Xianbei's old system. Emperor Xiaowen abolished the original political system of Xianbei people, and asked Wang Su to imitate the Southern Dynasties, re-establish a set of official etiquette, revise laws and reform official titles. Through the reform of Emperor Xiaowen, the economy and culture of Xianbei nationality have developed rapidly. Compared with other ethnic groups who entered the Central Plains at the same time, such as Jie and Di, Xianbei undoubtedly has the highest degree of sinicization. To some extent, the reform eased class contradictions and consolidated the Northern Wei regime. The measures taken by Emperor Xiaowen to promote ethnic integration made the northern ethnic minorities gradually converge with the Han nationality in terms of language, clothing, customs and habits, enriched and developed the culture of the Central Plains, and gradually integrated the diet, clothing, art and daily utensils of ethnic minorities into the lives of the Han people. Emperor Xiaowen also promulgated the "Land Equalization Order" and implemented land rent modulation, which promoted the recovery and development of the northern economy and made the lifestyle of ethnic minorities feudal.

First, find out what the expected purpose is 1. Make the Northern Wei Dynasty stable for a long time; The failed sinicization movement aggravated Xianbei and * * *

The contradiction between the people who moved the capital to Luoyang and those who stayed in Pingcheng, the son of Emperor Xiaowen also plotted a mutiny because he didn't like sinicization.

Shortly after the death of Emperor Xiaowen.

Six towns mutiny

The Northern Wei Dynasty soon split and perished.

It's ironic. 2. Promoting Xianbei culture: success. 3. National harmony

Let Xianbei and Han people be inseparable: half ref and half

Point 1

Is a failure, but in the long run,

Xianbei intermarried with Han nationality

It is also considered to be the harmony of rib nationalities.

Reference: Personal knowledge