Source: jiaoyujia.org/2010/26.html.
confucius education thought
Confucius was a great educator in ancient China. He founded a private school and started a civilian education. Coupled with "there is no class for education" (see "I can't go on teaching without self-discipline"), a large number of students have been trained, many of whom will be taught for life once they get to the door. After the death of Confucius, disciples passed it on from generation to generation, and its influence has continued to this day, spreading far and wide overseas. It can be said that in the history of education in China, no great man can be compared with Confucius, and later people call him the Great Sage, which should be well deserved.
1, the relationship between teaching and learning. In dealing with the relationship between teaching and learning, Confucius fully embodies the idea of teaching as one. He is fully aware of the learning and acceptance of his teaching object. For example, he lectured with Yan Hui all day, and Yan Hui never raised objections and questions, like a fool, but Confucius knew that Yan Hui "retired and kept his privacy, enough to make a fortune, and retired without being stupid"; Confucius also knew that disciples' understanding was different. "When you give back, you will know ten, and when you give, you will know two." Once students "wake up", Confucius can always be aware of it. For example, when Zigong "told it to people he knew in the past," Confucius said happily, "Give it, and then you can tell poetry!" Judging from the description of beautiful women in The Book of Songs Feng Wei Shuo Ren, Zi Gong was associated with the birth of rites and music, and Confucius also encouraged him to "give it to those who want to do business! I can only say Poetry. "
2. The relationship between "teaching without distinction" and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. First of all, Confucius advocated universal education. He clearly put forward "education without class", that is, everyone can receive education regardless of age, wealth and region. Secondly, after the disciples entered the room, Confucius could teach students in accordance with their different characteristics. He said: "If you are above others, you can also say it verbally;" Under China people, you can't speak orally. " People above the average level can tell him profound knowledge; If you are below average, you can't tell him profound knowledge.
3. The relationship between learning and thinking. In this regard, Confucius put forward a famous argument, that is, "learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." Confucius believed that both learning and thinking should be taken into account, and it was difficult to achieve anything. It should be said that this is the most dialectical and correct understanding of the relationship between ancient and modern learning and thinking. Confucius used poetry, calligraphy, righteousness, reason and music as textbooks to teach students and encourage them to read more. Confucius' "thinking" requires students to think deeply about the cultural connotation of documents, not just to understand them superficially; The second is to ask students to think about how to apply what they have learned in practice.
4. Review the past and learn new relationships. Confucius said, "Reviewing the past and learning the new can be a teacher." There are two meanings here: first, reviewing old lessons can help you understand new content, because learning always has a step-by-step process; Second, "reviewing the past and learning the new" also refers to mastering the existing knowledge and previous research results, while "learning the new" refers to new discoveries and new insights.
5. The relationship between teaching and answering questions. Confucius teaching is mainly in two forms: large class teaching and individual counseling and answering questions. Confucius always teaches students as much knowledge as possible in teaching, but he is easy to draw conclusions about what he has not understood yet, preferring to have doubts. This is the principle that Confucius has always advocated in teaching, that is, "listen more and ask more questions, and think carefully about the rest." According to the Analects? According to Shure, Confucius mainly taught students "writing, action, loyalty and faith". In teaching, Confucius not only "teaches people tirelessly", but also has no reservations. He once said to his students, "Do you students think I'm hiding something? I have nothing to hide from you. I have nothing not to tell you. This is what I look like in Kong Qiu. "
6. The relationship between words and deeds. Confucius emphasized both words and examples in teaching, and he combined them perfectly.
Although Confucius is one of the philosophers, it is the epitome of China's culture that "the ancestors said Yao and Shun, and the charter was civil and military". The Qin Dynasty ruled the country by legalism, while the Western Han Dynasty ruled the country by "inaction" before Huang Lao Wu Di. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu proposed "forbidding a hundred schools of thought and exhibiting the Six Classics", which established and consolidated the dominant position of Confucius in China culture and restored the orthodox position of the Six Classics. Confucius also became a representative figure of China culture. Liu Yimou, a master of Chinese studies, regarded Confucius as "the center of China culture". "The culture of the first few thousand years relied on Confucius; Thousands of years of culture, thanks to Confucius; Without Confucius, there would be no China culture ". Zhu Zeng, a Confucian scholar in the Song Dynasty, sighed, "Heaven is not born, and the night is long.". The second lecture on the Three People's Principles of People's Livelihood written by Sun Yat-sen, the father of the Republic of China: "This is the real people's livelihood, which Confucius hopes."
Confucius students
Disciple Confucius gave a lecture. According to Records of Historical Records: Biography of Zhong Ni's Disciples, there are 3,000 disciples of Confucius, and there are 7 out of 70 students (72 in one case). Due to the long history, there were several people who were "professional training" in those years, and there is no way to verify them. In this paper, several historical materials recorded in detail are selected to determine the real existence of their people for introduction.
Outstanding virtues are: Yan Hui, Min Loss, Ran Geng and ran yong.
Prominent in politics are: Ran Qiu and Zhong You.
Highlights of the speech are: kill me, stop talking.
Outstanding writers in literature are: Shang Bo, Shi Chuansun, Zeng Shen, Tan Taiming, Yuan Xian, Zhang Gongye, You Ruo and Gong Xichi.
After the death of Confucius, "seventy disciples wandered around the princes, the eldest son was Qing Xiang, the master, and the second son was a friend of the literati." In this way, it broke the aristocratic monopoly of Shi Qingshilu system politically, and created conditions for the autocratic monarch to freely appoint and dismiss the bureaucratic system of Buyi Qing Xiang.
Confucius' famous saying
If you don't learn manners, you can't stand it
Do as you would be done by.
If you want to be a man standing, you want to reach out and be a man.
Bow from thick and thin to blame others, which is to stay away from resentment.
How about seeing Si Qi? See Si Qi for introspection.
In a threesome, there must be a teacher, a good one to follow, and a bad one to change.
Respect life, respect deacons and be loyal to others.
A gentleman treats others with courtesy, and all men are brothers within the four seas. He keeps his word and does things respectfully. Although he is quite a country, he can do it. Is it true that you are disloyal and disrespectful, although you are in a state?
Being ashamed of yourself, making it useful in all directions, and not humiliating life, is the scholar.
Confucius said, "It is a benevolent person to be able to do five things for the world." Please ask questions. Say: "public, tolerant, trustworthy, people, and benefit. Respect is not insulting, forgiveness is popular, faith is responsible, sensitivity is meritorious, and profit can make people. "
Gentleman's righteousness is quality, courtesy is action, sun is action, and faith is success. Gentleman!
If you don't change, it's too much!
If you pass, you will be anxious to change.
Don't get angry, don't cross the line.
The three armed forces can win the handsome, but ordinary people can't win the ambition!
If a person doesn't think about distant things, he will find sadness close at hand.
Make haste slowly. Haste makes waste; When you see a small profit, you can't make a big deal.
Scholars have a long way to go to strive for self-improvement. Isn't it important to think that benevolence is your responsibility? Isn't it a long way to die?
If you don't stick to morality and don't believe in morality, how can you exist and die?
Make friends and keep your word.
Take literature as your friend and benevolence as your friend.
There are three friends who benefit and three friends who suffer. Friends are frank, friends forgive and friends listen more, which is beneficial. Friends make friends, friendly and soft, and friends will be destroyed and damaged.
A gentleman talks but doesn't do it.
A gentleman should not worry about not having enough to eat, be prepared for danger in times of peace, be cautious in words and deeds, be honest and clean, and be thirsty for knowledge.