(A) Educational observation method

1. concept

Survey of education refers to a scientific research method in which people systematically perceive and inspect objective things through senses or auxiliary instruments in a purposeful and planned way in the natural state, so as to obtain empirical facts. Observation is a basic research method widely used in educational science research.

2. Type

(1) According to whether the observed environmental conditions are controlled or changed, it can be divided into natural observation and laboratory observation. Observation in natural situations includes accidental observation and systematic observation of natural behaviors, and objective and true materials can be collected, but the materials are often the external behaviors of the observed objects.

Laboratory observation is an observation under the condition of controlling or changing the environment and conditions of the observed object. This kind of observation has a strict plan, which is conducive to exploring the internal causal relationship of things.

(2) According to whether instruments and equipment are used in observation, it can be divided into direct observation and indirect observation. Direct observation is the direct perception and description of the observed object on the spot by virtue of human senses, so it is intuitive and concrete. Indirect observation method is to check the observed object with certain instruments or other technical means as the intermediary.

(3) According to whether the observer directly participates in the observed activities, it can be divided into participatory observation and non-participatory observation. Participatory observation means that researchers directly participate in the observed groups and activities, and conduct implicit research and observation in participating activities. Is non-participatory observation used by researchers? Watching? The conclusions of identification observation and non-participation observation may be objective, but they are easy to be superficial and difficult to obtain deep-seated materials.

(4) According to whether the observation activities are strictly controlled, it can be divided into structured observation and unstructured observation. Structured observation is a controllable observation with clear objectives, problems and scope, detailed observation plan, steps and reasonable design, which can obtain real materials and make quantitative analysis and comparative research on observation data. Unstructured observation is an uncontrolled observation that has not been determined in advance and has no specific recording requirements. The method is flexible, but the materials obtained are not systematic and complete, and are mostly used for exploratory research and observation when the observed object is not well understood.

(B) Educational survey methods

1. concept

Investigation method is that researchers collect relevant information of the research object purposefully and systematically through questionnaires, interviews, etc., and sort out and analyze the first-hand information obtained, so as to reveal the essence and laws of things and seek ways to solve practical problems.

2. Types of educational investigation methods

According to the selection scope of the survey object, education survey is divided into: comprehensive survey, key survey, sampling survey and case survey. Comprehensive survey is used to investigate the general situation of a certain thing and phenomenon, such as the general survey of school-age children in a certain area and the comprehensive survey of a school; The key investigation is to select some units that can reflect the characteristics of the research object. For example, in order to understand the flow of students in rural middle schools, we can choose rural middle schools with more students to investigate; Sampling survey is a survey in which some individuals are randomly selected from all individuals included in the population to infer and explain the population, such as studying the math scores of the national college entrance examination; Case study is to investigate the situation of a unit, an event or a student. If this kind of research is a long-term survey, it is also called a follow-up survey.

3. Basic methods of educational investigation

There are various methods of investigation, such as interview and questionnaire.

(1) interview method

Interview is a method to collect research data through oral conversation with the research object or people related to the research object.

(2) Questionnaire survey method

The questionnaire is a written question and answer, which requires the subjects to answer the questions raised by the researchers, so as to obtain the psychological and behavioral performance data of the subjects.

(3) job analysis method

Work analysis is a method to analyze and study various works, such as notes, homework, diaries, articles, etc. , the respondents (clear crowd and sample), understand the situation, find problems, grasp the characteristics and laws.

(3) experimental methods

1. Significance of experimental research

Experimental method refers to the method of changing or controlling certain conditions according to the purpose of research, thus causing changes in some psychological activities of subjects, thus revealing the relationship between certain conditions and such psychological activities. It mainly includes laboratory experiments and field experiments. Laboratory experiment is a method of educational psychology experiment with the help of various special instruments and equipment in the laboratory. Field experiment is a method to study students' psychological activities by creating or changing certain conditions in natural environment.

(4) Historical laws

The historical law is to examine things from the process of their occurrence and development in order to find out their essence and development law. The first step of historical jurisprudence is the collection of historical materials, which can be divided into written materials and non-written materials. The second step of historical law is the identification of historical materials. The third step is the classification of historical materials.

(5) Action research method

Action research method is an educational research activity in which teachers and researchers comprehensively use various effective methods to improve education in view of practical problems. The basic process of action research can be divided into four links: planning, action, inspection and reflection.

(vi) Case studies

Case study refers to an in-depth and systematic study of a phenomenon, an event or a person. Case study in the field of education refers to a research method that applies case study to educational situations to solve educational problems or establish theories.

(7) Narrative research

Narrative research refers to the study of telling stories orally or in writing. A special form of narrative research is teacher's autobiographical narrative, that is, teachers reflect and improve their teaching practice by telling their own growth experiences, thus promoting the accumulation and growth of their own experiences. Including: teaching narrative, life narrative and autobiography narrative.

Second, the factors affecting individual development

(1) inheritance

1. Heredity is the material premise of individual development.

2. The role of heredity is reflected in:

(1) Genetic quality is the physiological premise of human development and provides the possibility for human development.

(2) The maturity of genetic quality restricts the process of physical and mental development and age characteristics.

(3) The difference of genetic quality has certain influence on human development.

(2) Environment

1. Environment generally refers to all external factors that affect the physical and mental development of individuals. Including material environment and spiritual environment.

2. The role of the environment on people is mainly reflected in:

(1) provides many possibilities for personal development, including opportunities, conditions and targets;

(2) The influence of environment on individual development is positive or negative; Like what? Who is black near Zhu Zhechi or Mexico? .

(3) People's subjective initiative to accept environmental influences and functions. Like what? Out of the mud and not stained? .

(3) School education

1. School education plays a leading role in people's physical and mental development for the following reasons:

(1) School education is a purposeful, planned and organized activity to cultivate people;

(2) School education is carried out by specially trained teachers, and the effect is better;

(3) School education can effectively control and influence various factors of students' development.

2. The unique role of school education in influencing human development is due to the following reasons:

(1) School education sets social norms for individual development;

(2) School education has the special function of promoting individual development;

(3) The influence of school education on individual development has immediate value and delayed value;

(4) Schools have the function of developing individual special talents and personalities.

(D) the subjective initiative of individuals

1. The individual's subjective initiative is the decisive factor to promote the individual's development from a potential possible state to a realistic state. From the level of activity, individual subjective initiative consists of three levels: the first level is physiological activity, the second level is psychological activity, and the highest level is social practice activity. Personal social practice is the decisive factor that affects people's development.

The above is about the content sharing of the important test sites of "educational knowledge and ability" in primary schools over the years. I hope it will be helpful to all candidates! Want to know more about the teacher qualification examination, welcome everyone to pay attention to this platform in time!