Educational goals in the field of cognition

Bloom et al. published the educational goals in the field of cognition in 1956. The educational goals in this neighborhood include six levels, from low to high and from simple to complex.

It is divided into six levels: knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. (See the picture below for details)

1. knowledge: remember what you have learned, including the memory of specific facts, methods and processes; Descriptive verbs that can be used: definition, narration, recitation, etc.

Example: Recite Moonlit Night on the Spring River.

Match the time and name of the three major battles of the Liberation War.

2. Comprehension: Understand the meaning of the material you have learned, but it is not necessarily related to other things; Descriptive verbs can be used to explain, distinguish, etc.

Example: Summarize the story of the old man and the sea.

Through reading, distinguish the respective characteristics of realism and naturalism.

3. Application: the ability to apply the concepts and rules learned to emotional scenes; Can describe verbs: calculation, operation, etc.

Example: Demonstrate the application of the law of conservation of energy in life.

Simulate shopping in a store and examine students' computing ability.

4. Analysis: The whole material is decomposed into various components to understand its organizational structure; Available descriptive verbs: decomposition, explanation, etc.

Example: Ask students to break down the structure of Moonlight on the Lotus Pond.

Let the students distinguish the facts and opinions in the report.

5. Synthesis: integrating the piecemeal knowledge into a knowledge system, emphasizing creativity, and needing to produce a new model or structure; Descriptive verbs are available: create, write, etc.

Example: Students are required to design a scientific experiment scheme.

Write a report according to the facts.

6. Evaluation: the ability to judge the value of materials, including judging according to the internal or external standards of materials; Available descriptive verbs: evaluation, comparison, etc.

Example: Evaluate Kong Yiji's values.

Give two reports and let the students decide which is more true.

Extended data:

In the curriculum reform of our country, it is of great practical significance for us to study and study Bloom's theory of "mastery learning".

1, optimistic classmates

Bloom's "mastery learning" is an optimistic teaching theory about teaching and learning. It is called "optimism" because it fundamentally opposes the view that individual differences are innate and unchangeable, and "advocates that all students can do well in theory as long as they can find ways to help each student".

In the past, schools often divided students into several grades according to normal distribution, and regarded this classification standard as a stable and lasting basis to measure students' advantages and disadvantages, which affected students' whole learning career. Affected by it, "when teachers look at students, they only hope that one-third of the students in the class fail or just pass, one-third fail or just pass, and one-third fully grasp the learning objectives and content.

The main energy of the school is often placed on the top one-third of the students, and the other two-thirds of the poor students are very interested. "This unreasonable practice will inevitably lead to a sharp decline in the quality of teaching and artificially create a large number of poor students.

"Mastering learning theory" is a challenge to the hierarchical system and grouping system in traditional teaching, which breaks the deep-rooted prejudice and advocates teachers to be full of confidence in the development of each student.

And provide ideal teaching for every student, provide equal learning opportunities, provide sufficient time and help for students who need help, so that every student can get ideal teaching suitable for their individual needs and let every student develop. This optimistic and all-round view of students is of great significance to establish a new view of students in the current education and teaching reform.

2. New personalized teaching practice.

"Mastering learning" is a new type of personalized teaching practice, which is neither contrary to collective teaching nor pure personalized teaching, but personalized teaching based on collective teaching.

Educational practice has proved that individualized teaching is effective, but it takes some time and teachers. Although collective teaching can teach a large number of students in a short time, the effect is poor and it is easy to produce a large number of "poor students". "Mastering learning theory" combines collective teaching and individual teaching to some extent, and has achieved good results.

There are generally three steps in the implementation of "mastery learning". First of all, make clear the prerequisites for learning. Second, the formulation and implementation of procedures. Third, evaluate the results of this strategy for teachers and students.

Mastering learning strategies will have a great impact on teaching and learning objectively. For students, it has obvious effects in improving learning efficiency, stimulating learning motivation and eliminating anxiety and depression. For teachers, it is helpful for teachers to face all students, effectively teach students in accordance with their aptitude, and have full confidence in students, so as to achieve a "large-scale" improvement in academic performance.

References:

Classification theory of educational goals _ Baidu Encyclopedia

Bloom (a famous contemporary American psychologist) _ Baidu Encyclopedia