There are three schools of thought in Xia Dynasty, namely "East", "Xu" and "School", which is recognized as the earliest period in China by academic circles. Influenced by the territorial expansion of Xia Dynasty, the rulers paid attention to the role of force. Therefore, Ma Duanlin, a scholar in Yuan Dynasty, summarized the characteristics of Xia Dynasty education as "shooting to control scholars" in "A General Theory of Literature Examination and School Examination".

(1) school characteristics

Education in Xia Dynasty played a role in serving politics and formed a preliminary hierarchical system. The School Department of Ancient and Modern Books Integration records: "There are universities in the east and primary schools in the west of Xia Houshi"; Moreover, there have been differences between the central government and local governments. "Biography of Historical Records of the Scholars" records: "There is teaching in the village and learning in Xia Yue."

(2) Educational purpose

Cultivate warriors who can shoot good wars, "emphasizing military affairs and martial arts."

(3) Educational content

Yao is a school with the main content of providing for the aged, respecting the elderly and moral education of human relations; Foreword, originally a place to learn shooting, later developed into a place for slave owners and nobles to hold public activities and educate their children; The school is a military educational institution with martial arts and competitions as its main contents.

2. Education in Shang Dynasty

The productive forces of Shang dynasty developed day by day, and education also made obvious progress. In addition to emphasizing force, foreign rulers also attach importance to publicizing religious concepts such as ghosts and gods and destiny. Re-education is manifested in emphasizing etiquette, music and other educational contents. Because religious activities need singing and dancing to render the atmosphere, the Shang Dynasty paid special attention to music education. Ma Duanlin summarized the educational characteristics of Shang Dynasty as "training scholars with music".

(1) Education places

Yao, Xu, Zhezong and Xue

(2) Educational content

Yao and Xu inherited the education of Xia Dynasty and made some innovations. Colleagues enhanced the function of ideological and moral education in the name of providing for the aged; Foreword, with shooting as the main content, but the focus has changed from military training to the combination of shooting and ceremony.

Credit right school (university), left school (primary school), school: all are places where aristocratic children learn etiquette and music. It is recorded in the Book of Rites: "Yin people set the right school as a university and the left school as a primary school, enjoying education."

The basic educational content of the Shang school is martial arts, which is based on fighting and shooting; Rites are used to worship ghosts and gods, mainly to learn music, songs and ritual. At the same time, the characters of Shang Dynasty developed rapidly, and reading, writing and arithmetic were all included in school education.

To sum up, the educational content of Shang Dynasty is "martial arts+ceremony+calligraphy".

(3) Comparison of Xia and Shang Dynasties

Compared with Xia Dynasty, the school structure of Shang Dynasty was more complicated and the educational content was more varied. While inheriting the next generation of education, it also expanded and deepened, laying the foundation for the formation of the school education system in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

3. Education in the Western Zhou Dynasty

In order to effectively maintain the hereditary hierarchy of the Zhou Dynasty, the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty shifted the core of their policies from attaching importance to deity to respecting ceremony, and attached great importance to the value of "ceremony" so that all social strata could abide by the ceremony system. In terms of education, the Western Zhou Dynasty combined various previous experiences and formed a relatively complete school education system.

(1) Education places

According to the records in the Book of Rites, Zhou Li and other documents, the official credits in the Western Zhou Dynasty were "National Studies" and "Rural Studies". Chinese studies are located in Wang Du, while rural studies are located in local areas.

Chinese studies are divided into two levels: primary school and university. There are two kinds of primary schools: one is Gui Primary School near the Palace; Ordinary aristocratic children's primary school located in the suburbs. There are two kinds of universities: one is the "Pan Palace" where the princes are located; The other is the "use" in the southern suburbs of the capital.

Rural schools were set up according to the division of local administrative regions at that time, and their views on specific situations were not exactly the same. "Zhou Li" said that "the chaos in the countryside, the order of the country, the party has one faction"; The Book of Rites says that "there is a school in the family, a problem in the party, an orderly technique and a state-owned school."

(2) the characteristics of education

Learning in the government, the unity of politics and religion, the unity of officials and teachers; Chinese studies and rural studies are places where slave owners and nobles go to school, and civilians have no right to receive education.

(3) Educational content

Six arts: the number of books shot by rites and music.

Rites: Political, historical and ethical education based on "filial piety";

Music: it belongs to comprehensive art, including music, poetry and dance;

Archery and defense: military technical training focusing on archery and chariot driving;

Books and Numbers: Basic Cultural Course of Reading, Writing and Arithmetic

4. Education in the Spring and Autumn Period

With the eastward movement of Pingdong, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was divided into the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Western Zhou Dynasty declined rapidly, and the governors began to pay attention to cultivating their own power. With the rise of "Friar Wind", private schools began to appear.

(1) educational purpose: the rulers cultivate their own forces and talents of various specifications to serve the ruling class.

(2) Educational content: serving the ruling class.

(3) Educational characteristics: freedom of running a school, freedom of learning, freedom of giving lectures and freedom of competition.