It is a psychological term to explain what self is in the educational psychology of Southwest University. Self, also known as self-awareness or self-concept, mainly refers to the individual's cognition of his own existence in psychology, which is the result of the individual's self-evaluation of his social role. In our experience, we realize that everything about ourselves is different from other things around us and other people. This is self, and this is self-awareness. Everything about ourselves here refers to our bodies, our physical and psychological activities.
The term "educational psychology" in Southwest University explains what thinking is. Thinking is initially a process in which the human brain generalizes and indirectly reacts to objective things with the help of language. Thinking is based on perception and transcends the boundaries of perception. It explores and discovers the internal essential relationship and regularity of things, which is an advanced stage of cognitive process.
Personality education psychology, also known as personality, refers to the comprehensive psychological characteristics that determine the explicit and implicit behaviors of individuals and make them stably different from others' behaviors.
Explaining general psychology with general psychological terms in freshmen: ① Studying the most general laws of the emergence and development of psychological phenomena and the most general laws of various psychological characteristics; ② Learning the most general theory of psychology; ③ The most general method of learning psychology. This should be teacher Peng Yuling's definition of the research content of general psychology in the book General Psychology. )
The main task of sports psychology is to study the psychological process when people participate in sports, such as the characteristics of feeling, perception, representation, thinking, memory, emotion and will, and its role and significance in sports; Study the personality, ability, temperament characteristics of people participating in various sports events and the influence of sports on personality characteristics; This paper studies the psychological characteristics of people who participate in physical education teaching and training process and sports competitions, such as the psychological characteristics of the formation of sports skills. Psychological state before competition, psychological training of athletes, etc. The word sports psychology first appeared in the article of Coubertin, the founder of modern Olympic Games. At his initiative, the International Olympic Committee held a special conference on sports psychology in Lausanne in 19 13, which marked that this discipline entered the ranks of science. From 1920 to 1940, the Soviet Union, Germany, the United States and other countries have carried out a series of sports psychology research. Since the 1960s, sports psychology has received extensive attention. Most countries have carried out research work in this field, established sports psychology societies and held special meetings, and published a large number of related articles and books, which made this science develop rapidly.
The contents of sports psychology research are very extensive, such as skill learning, competition psychology, the significance of sports to people, the motivation of engaging in sports, the relationship between athletes, coaches and athletes, athletes and spectators, psychological training and sports psychotherapy methods. At the beginning of the 20th century, the research mainly focused on skill learning, including the distribution, maintenance and transfer of learning, and then went deep into the theory of sports behavior.
Since the 1940s, information planning theory, hierarchical cybernetics, behavioral system model theory and other theoretical theories have been gradually formed through research. With the development of cognitive psychology, personality psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology and health psychology, the study of sports behavior is more deeply linked with the study of skill learning and control and skill development. The research method has also developed from the research of single movement in the laboratory to the research of combining sports practice and improving sports efficiency. With the development of sports practice, the research scope of sports psychology has been further expanded, and it has developed into a research on understanding, explaining and positively influencing sports behavior, that is, a theoretical research on improving sports efficiency. The research objects of sports psychology are mostly excellent athletes and young athletes. It also studies psychological problems in mass sports. In recent years, the sports circles in various countries have paid more and more attention to the psychological training and selection of athletes. As the sports level is getting closer and closer, psychological factors often play a decisive role in the competition, psychometrics and psychodiagnostics are widely used, and various psychological training methods are constantly emerging. As sports psychology is a new discipline, its theoretical system is not perfect. For example, there are still different views on whether sports psychology and sports psychology should be separated.
In 1980s, Wuhan Institute of Physical Education began to recruit postgraduates majoring in sports psychology for the first time, which announced the re-emergence of sports psychology in China after the Cultural Revolution. Qiu Yijun, the originator of sports psychology in China, presided over a series of sports psychology research projects, among which "Research on the Psychological Characteristics of Excellent Athletes" won the National Science and Technology Progress Award. In recent ten years, China's sports psychology has developed rapidly, and all major sports colleges and universities have set up related majors. In the research of sports psychology, the achievements of our country mostly stay in introducing advanced international theories and improving the sports environment in our country, but the research level of basic problems of sports psychology is low.
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Preschool psychology's terminology explains the external factors, including natural physical factors and social factors, which have a certain influence on the development of individual psychological behavior. It is the internal factor that other factors are different from individual physical and mental maturity. (I should make it up incorrectly, for reference only)
Psychological terms explain biofeedback? Hello!
Biofeedback is also called biofeedback. It has different meanings on different occasions, and can refer to a process that occurs in a living body; It can also represent a method; It can also represent a special treatment.
Biofeedback research was initiated by five people (J.V.Ba *** A Jian, J.Kamiya, H.D.Kimmel, N.E.Miller and J.Olds) in 1960s. Ba * * A Jian believes that biofeedback is a method to reveal normal or abnormal activities in the human body through visual or auditory signals by using instruments (usually electronic instruments). Its purpose is to control the internal activities of the body by manipulating physiological activities that are unconscious or imperceptible in other situations. Physiological activities in the body, such as the speed of the heartbeat, are generally unconscious and it is difficult to speed up or slow down at will. If we express our heartbeat with a certain sound level, we can speed up or slow down the heart rate by amplifying or reducing the signal. By this method, tachycardia or bradycardia can be treated. This is what people usually call biofeedback. According to whether the biological function is positive (positive or positive) or negative (negative or negative), it can be divided into positive feedback and negative feedback; According to whether there are external receptors involved in the feedback link, it can be divided into internal feedback and external feedback.
The study of biofeedback has both theoretical significance and practical value: it breaks the traditional learning theory that organs dominated by autonomic nervous system cannot learn and control at will, and opens up a new field of "visceral learning"; Through biofeedback training, the internal environment of the body can be changed, and the working conditions of the nervous system, circulatory system, respiratory system and digestive system can be changed, thus providing a new means for treating various diseases. In the early stage of biofeedback research, scholars did a lot of research on the feedback training of EEG α, EEG θ and sensory motor rhythm, and also studied the feedback of heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, skin electricity and EMG, as well as their practical application in clinic. Among them, EMG feedback is the most widely used.
As far as people are concerned, some body reflexes are open-loop, such as knee jumping. When the knee tendon is subjected to * * *, the quadriceps femoris contracts and kicks on the calf, and the reflex ends here. Some reflections are closed-loop, such as pulmonary stretch reflex. When the inhalation reaches a certain level, the stretch receptors distributed in bronchi and bronchioles are subjected to * * *, and the excitatory impulse is transmitted to the medulla oblongata, which inhibits the activity of the inhalation center, stops inhaling and exhaling. When exhaling, the lungs contract, the stretch receptors are weakened, the afferent impulses are reduced, the inhibition of the inspiratory center is relieved, and the inspiratory center is excited again.
Strengthen or weaken the feedback of the original physiological process. In the voltage feedback circuit, if the feedback voltage is in phase with the input voltage, the result plays a reinforcing role, which is called positive feedback. The human body has a similar situation. When the bladder urinates, the urine affects the pressure sensing devices in the bladder wall and urethra. Through reflection, the nerve impulse from the center strengthens the contraction of the bladder detrusor. At this time, the urine excretion is accelerated, and the devices for feeling pressure in the bladder wall and urethra are also strengthened, making the urination process stronger and stronger. This is the positive feedback phenomenon in the body.
When people's blood pressure temporarily rises due to increased activity, mood swings and other reasons, the receptors in the aortic arch area produce more afferent impulses due to the change of pressure. Through reflection, the center sends out "instructions", which weakens the contraction of the heart, dilates some blood vessels, limits the originally rising blood pressure and plays a role in stabilizing blood pressure. When the originally increased blood pressure gradually decreases, the * * * effect on the receptors is weakened, the impulse to the center is relatively weakened, and the "decompression instruction" issued by the center is correspondingly reduced, and the blood pressure is stabilized. This is the negative feedback phenomenon.
Psychological terms: explanatory transfer and rigid transfer: the influence of one kind of learning on another, which widely exists in the learning of knowledge, skills, attitudes and behavioral norms.
Stereotype: The mental preparation caused by repeating previous operations affects the tendency to solve problems, usually unconsciously.
Difference:
Here's a good example:
You have been doing the problem of interval estimation this afternoon. See if the problem is hypothetical, or think with the idea of interval estimation. This is the set.
In the afternoon, you have been looking at interval estimation, and then you look at hypothesis testing. You are dizzy, and suddenly you feel that these two concepts are confused, and you don't know how to understand them. This is a negative migration.
You have been estimating the interval in the afternoon, and then you see the hypothesis test. By comparing the two, it is easier to understand the hypothesis test. This is a forward and positive migration.
You have been estimating the interval in the afternoon, and then you see the hypothesis test. By comparing the two, it is easier to understand the interval estimation. This is a reverse positive migration.
Short-term memory short-term memory: information is encoded and stored in the brain for one minute, which is the intermediate link between sensory memory and long-term memory. It is the medium for information to enter long-term memory.