There are eight teaching principles commonly used in primary and secondary schools, namely, the principle of combining science and education, the principle of integrating theory with practice, the principle of intuitive teaching, the principle of inspiring teaching, the principle of gradual progress, the principle of consolidating teaching, the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. The following is an introduction to each principle:

(1) The principle of combining science and education: We should not only teach students the basic knowledge and skills of modern advanced science, but also combine the inherent moral education factors in knowledge and skills to educate students on political, ideological and moral qualities.

(2) The teaching principle of combining theory with practice: it means that teaching should be based on learning basic knowledge, understand knowledge from the connection between theory and practice, and pay attention to using knowledge to analyze and solve problems, so as to achieve the purpose of applying what you have learned.

(3) The principle of intuitive teaching: Teachers should make full use of students' various senses and existing experience, and enrich students' direct experience and perceptual knowledge through various forms of perception, so that students can obtain vivid images and master knowledge comprehensively.

(4) Enlightening teaching principle: Teachers use a variety of teaching methods to fully mobilize students' learning initiative and enthusiasm, guide students to think independently, actively explore and study lively, consciously master scientific knowledge, and improve students' ability to analyze and solve problems according to the objective laws of the learning process.

⑤ Step by step teaching principle: Teachers teach in strict accordance with the internal logical system of scientific knowledge and the order of students' cognitive development. Step by step "order", including the logical order of teaching materials, the order of students' physiological rhythm development, the order of students' cognitive ability development and the order of cognitive activities itself, is an organic combination of these four orders.

⑥ Consolidate teaching principles: Teachers should guide students to firmly grasp knowledge and basic skills on the basis of understanding, and present them accurately when necessary, so as to facilitate the application of knowledge and skills.

⑦ Ability principle: It means that teaching activities should be suitable for students' development level. This principle can also be linked with Vygotsky's "zone of proximal development" in educational psychology, which is based on the periodic law of people's physical and mental development.

⑧ Principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude: Teachers should proceed from the unified requirements of curriculum plan and subject curriculum standards, face all students, and conduct targeted teaching according to the actual situation and individual differences of students, so that each student can make full use of their strengths and avoid their weaknesses and obtain the best development.