First, the characteristics of ancient academy education in China
1. In essence, the academy is the product of the combination of official learning and private learning. It inherits the fine traditions of official learning and private learning, but it is not exactly one of them.
First of all, the academy is a cultural and educational institution founded and presided over by Confucian scholar-officials, so it is open to the lower class, and its students and apprentices are not limited by their status and region, which has a strong civilian color, while the official school is aimed at the children of the government and mainly faces the upper class. Therefore, from the point of view of the founding and recruiting objects of the academy, there are essential differences between the two. Secondly, private school first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and was founded by Confucius. Both it and the college are privately funded and open to the lower classes. On the other hand, private schools are generally in a spontaneous state and have not formed a complete education system, while academies are organized and relatively complete education systems.
Therefore, the academy is not an official school, but there are some elements of official school, not private school, but some practices borrowed from private school. Through the sublation of the two, the academy has gradually formed a unique education system, which runs through all periods and aspects of its existence and development.
2. As far as the education system is concerned, the academy is a multi-level comprehensive education system, including basic education and higher education, and makes the two better connected.
The single level of education is an obvious defect of China's traditional education system, which is manifested in the serious disconnection between higher education and basic education. Successive dynasties held completely different attitudes towards them, and suppressed basic education in order to develop higher education. In this case, the basic education is initiated by the people spontaneously, and its function and influence are extremely limited. However, basic education plays an important role in the whole social and cultural development and the improvement of national quality. With the improvement of social civilization, promoting the development of basic education has become an inevitable trend of historical development, and academies have emerged to conform to the trend. It broke the situation that higher education is out of touch with the foundation, and formed a multi-level education system including the two, thus further promoting the rational development of education, especially the emphasis on basic education, which has broad and profound social significance for breaking the traditional educational concept of government learning.
3. From the perspective of educational function, the academy closely links education and teaching with academic research, and the two complement each other. Teaching pays attention to the development of students' personality and advocates mutual learning.
At first, the college was a place to collect books. Later, due to the transformation from official academic institutions to non-governmental academic institutions, the teaching function was obviously enhanced. With the widespread spread of Neo-Confucianism, academies became specialized academic research centers, and later dynasties maintained this tradition, focusing on teaching and academic research.
University teaching is characterized by students' autonomous learning, supplemented by teachers and professors. According to their own academic experience, famous teachers
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Summarize many reading principles, steps and methods to help students improve their learning efficiency. Students should keep reading diaries, record their own learning experiences, and be good at questioning and encouraging arguments.
At the same time, the college implements free lectures, free lectures, and the combination of lectures and theories. A lecture system was formed in the Ming Dynasty. Emphasize equal discussion of learning in lectures, so as to improve academic literacy and achieve the purpose of mutual learning and promotion. This interactive teaching method between teachers and students is very helpful to the publicity and cultivation of students' personality. On the other hand, the lecture system also provides opportunities for academic exchanges, enabling the academy to break the stereotype and integrate its strengths. Therefore, Hu Shi believes that "the level of academies in China can be comparable to that of foreign universities and research institutes." [ 1]
4. From the management point of view, the academy has adopted the democratic management mode, which embodies a spirit of "humanization". First of all, as the administrator of the academy, Shan Chang is usually an expert or lecturer with high academic level and teaching experience, and there are fewer administrators who are divorced from teaching, which greatly promoted academic exchanges at that time. Secondly, from the Academy of Song Dynasty, students began to take care of themselves and participate in the management and teaching of the Academy.
5. From the relationship between teachers and students, teachers and students in the college get along well and promote each other.
Harmonious teacher-student relationship is an important reason for the remarkable achievements of ancient academy education. Su Ru, a famous college teacher, not only made academic achievements, preached, taught and dispelled doubts, but also set a good example for students with his own practical actions. The fundamental reason why the academy can form such a harmonious relationship between teachers and students is that most of the ancient academies used the way of eating and living together. In daily life, the teachers of the college teach well, care for students, and have deep feelings between teachers and students. This good atmosphere is not only conducive to the development of teaching activities, but also conducive to the development of students' personality. Zhu attaches great importance to cultivating the feelings between teachers and students. He got along well with the students and was respected by them. After his death, the students still miss him for a long time. In order to inherit the teacher's career, his disciples built their own academies or taught in them, recruiting students to inherit the teacher. Second, the enlightenment of ancient academies to China's current higher education reform 1. Develop a diversified school-running model.
The task of education is to improve the quality of the whole nation, and it is far from enough to rely solely on the power of the government. It also needs the support of society, enterprises, organizations and individuals. Private education is an indispensable part of perfecting the education system. Therefore, while vigorously developing public education, we should actively support the development of private education, prosper educational and cultural undertakings, inject new vitality into public education and improve the overall quality of education.
2. Integrate the multi-level education system
For a long time, China's basic education has paid attention to the enrollment rate, while higher education has paid attention to the selection of outstanding talents, thus making the whole education system out of touch. The ancient academy system changed the pattern of separation of official and private education, higher education and basic education in China's traditional education system, and gave contemporary higher education a mirror. [2] From the future development trend, it is the need of education development in the new period and the premise of contemporary higher education development to integrate the multi-level education system and do a good job in the convergence and balanced development of basic education and higher education. First, establish the unified talent training goal of the two educational systems; Second, link their school-running ideas and educational concepts, and put education first; Third, scientifically arrange the content of education and teaching. Higher education should reflect the development law of modern education, pay attention to cultivating students' learning ability, and pay attention to students' individual choice and personality display. 3. Make clear the relationship between teaching and scientific research, so as to promote each other and develop together.
Colleges and universities are organizations that implement higher education, and teaching and scientific research are two basic functions of modern universities. However, there is an indisputable fact that scientific research is more important than teaching. [3] Teaching has become a vassal of university activities. As a hidden thing that is difficult to prove and measure, teaching is often ignored, but teaching is always the main theme of school work. As Newman said: "If the purpose of a university is scientific invention and philosophical discovery, then I don't understand what a university wants students to do." [4] Therefore, we should be inspired by the mode of the academy and clarify the relationship between the two. (1) Teaching must be regarded as the central activity of colleges and universities, and scientific research must be placed in an important position. (2) Colleges and universities should put forward different teaching and scientific research requirements for teachers according to their personality, age and subject, and do not make a one-size-fits-all approach. (3) Establish a scientific evaluation mechanism for teaching and scientific research, which will affect the running of schools and teachers' behavior. 4. Implement student-centered teaching.
The teaching of academy is based on students' personal reading and research, and teachers aim at students' learning difficulties and doubts in the teaching process.
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Explain. Today, with the rapid development of science and technology, no one can expect to form a treasure house of original knowledge enough for their own lives when they are young, because the rapid development of society requires constant updating of knowledge. [5] A creative teacher should be able to help students make rapid progress on the road of self-study and teach them how to deal with a large amount of information quickly. He is more a guide and consultant than a simple tool to transfer knowledge mechanically. [6] The cultivation of students' learning ability in colleges and universities is consistent with the reform of students' own ability cultivation in colleges and universities today, which is worth inheriting and carrying forward.
5. Carry forward the spirit of freedom, democracy and openness.
The lecture system of the academy contains an "inclusive" educational thought. As a subsystem of the social system, higher education must be open to the outside world, including the opening between higher education and society and the world, and at the same time, it should be open to the educational objects, so that more people have the opportunity to receive higher education. The atmosphere of freedom and democracy in the lecture system can also be used for reference in the teaching process of professors. 6. Strive to establish a new relationship between teachers and students
In recent years, a phenomenon worthy of attention has appeared in the relationship between teachers and students in colleges and universities. Some students don't respect their teachers enough, and some teachers lack care for their students, even "you teach your books, I take my classes". However, teachers play a key role in the school, which is of great significance for improving the level of teaching and scientific research and cultivating students' ideological and moral quality. Therefore, colleges and universities should strive to establish a new relationship between teachers and students, which is embodied in the following points: (1) Teachers and students coordinate and cooperate in groups. (2) Teachers and students are equal and democratic and learn from each other. (3) Respect teachers and love students, and have a harmonious relationship. However, due to the problem of time, there are few opportunities for communication between teachers and students in daily course teaching, let alone understanding the characteristics of each student and developing students' personality. Therefore, an effective way is to arrange as many opportunities as possible for teachers and students to coexist and cultivate the feelings between teachers and students, just like ancient academies.
7. Adopt humanized management methods.
The current paternalistic management in colleges and universities has seriously suppressed students' initiative and creativity, which is not conducive to the development of students' personality. As a training place for senior talents, colleges and universities should give priority to students' self-management, give full play to students' subjective initiative, implement democratic management, and recommend a few students to participate in the daily management of the school as student representatives through elections. At the same time, teachers who participate in school administration can not be divorced from teaching practice, but more involved in the actual teaching process to understand the students' ideological trends and make scientific decisions.
The experience accumulated in the process of its occurrence and development is a valuable asset in the history of education in China, which is worthy of being selectively inherited and developed by future generations. Today's higher education is facing the challenge of knowledge economy, and there are many practical problems. It is necessary to reform from the aspects of educational concept, teaching method and teaching mode. Under the new historical conditions, it will give new vitality to the valuable experience of the college and have a positive impact on the reform of higher education. refer to
[1] Ding Gang, Liu Qi. Academy and China culture [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press, 1992
[2] Guo Mei, Li Xia, Andy. Looking at the contemporary higher education in China from the characteristics of ancient academy education [J]. Journal of Henan Institute of Finance and Taxation, 2006
[3] Dai Ruihua. Teaching, scientific research and its evaluation in institutions of higher learning [J]. Higher Teaching Research, 2000, (1)
[4] clark kerr. The function of the university [M]. Translated by Chen Xuefei. Nanchang: Jiangxi Education Press, 1993
[5] UNESCO series: "Education-wealth in it". Education Science Press 1996.
[6] S. Lassek, G. Vidinu. "Global Prospect of Educational Content Development from Now to 2000". Education Science Press, 1996.