Second, the basic feature of Athenian democracy is that all citizens are rulers, participate in politics and collectively control the supreme power of the country; Relatively equal within the citizens' collective; The law is supreme.
A. geographical environment and economic conditions:
1) Ancient China originated in the Central Plains, located in the great river basin, with vast plains and fertile land, which was most suitable for developing agricultural production and gradually formed an agricultural civilization. The development of agricultural civilization easily leads to the idea of moving from different places, which indirectly leads to the strengthening of hierarchical concept and the lack of creative thinking. Agricultural economy requires the government with economic strength to control the water system, coordinate agricultural production and organize to resist natural disasters. But there are different managers in the same area, and there will be contradictions during the period. After all, there is no room for two tigers in one mountain, and it is easy to form a powerful authoritarian centralized system in competition; However, if centralized power is too fragile to provide effective help to farmers, farmers will rise up and threaten the rulers, or divide the world like troubled times, resulting in a fragmented situation and difficult to unify. At the same time, the vast areas need unified management. Therefore, centralization aims at maintaining the unity of nation-state and maintaining the stability of development, which is a typical feature of great river civilization.
2) Ancient Greece was located on the southern bank of the Mediterranean, with mountainous hills, narrow and scattered plains and poor soil, so it was difficult to develop a self-sufficient economy. In addition, the winding coastline, numerous good ports and advantaged trade and navigation conditions make up for the shortage of ancient Greek farming economy and make overseas trade and industry and commerce developed. The developed commodity economy emphasizes fair trade, which makes people in ancient Greece have equal values, democracy and scientific spirit for a long time, and needs fair laws and a relatively free, relaxed and democratic political atmosphere. The geographical conditions of hilly and mountainous areas and small and scattered plains have promoted the formation of the city-state system of small countries and few people. It is this small city-state with few people that has the conditions to establish democratic politics with direct participation of citizens.
B, ideological education:
1) In ancient times, people were centralized, and their hierarchy was serious. Especially in the historical period when the patriarchal clan system maintained its rule, the closed rule was confined to the Central Plains, forming a "home in the world" situation, which could not absorb the outstanding achievements of other civilizations, leading to people's lack of innovation, belief in gods and feudal monarchs, and serious feudal thoughts, which directly led to the emergence of outstanding scientists in ancient China very late. Moreover, due to the limitations of education, people lack understanding of science, and it is difficult to form a unique cultural system by blindly learning the Four Books and Five Classics in order to be an official.
2) Due to the long-term colonial expansion, the ancient Greeks kept in touch with different ideas and cultures and brought their essence to the poor, laying the foundation for creating their own unique civilization. The relatively open and free social environment makes people get rid of the shackles of thinking and pursue truth and rationality. Moreover, the educational guidance of many philosophical martyrs also had a great influence on the advanced ideas of ancient Greece ~