1806 The publication of General Pedagogy marks the establishment of normative pedagogy.

Herbart's contribution lies in the establishment of moral education theory based on ethics and teaching theory based on psychology (the first person to introduce psychology into pedagogy), which laid the foundation of scientific pedagogy. Therefore, Herbart, known as the "father of modern pedagogy", believes that the highest purpose of education is the perfection of morality and character.

Herbart is regarded as the representative of traditional educational theory and advocates teacher-centered theory.

(2) Dewey

Dewey's masterpiece Democracy and Education is the representative of modern educational theory. Emphasizing children's position in education is a representative figure of child-centrism, which is tit for tat with Herbart.

Du's main viewpoints are: education is growth, education is life, and education is the transformation of experience.