First, school education. Let's first understand why there is such a saying as scholasticism. Let's first learn about scholasticism, which is a theory used by Catholicism to teach in its scholasticism, hence its name. It is a speculative philosophy, which demonstrates Christian belief in a rational form through abstract and complicated dialectical methods and serves religious theology. Because teachers and scholars are called scholastics, they are named scholasticism. The main function of school education is to transmit knowledge, and teaching materials are given a fixed model, so anyone can attend classes according to this model, and teachers become insignificant. Just like McDonald's, there are fixed procedures, and everyone who does it follows this method and tastes the same. Customers just eat, because McDonald's has only one taste. So is school education. Students only passively accept knowledge, and teaching materials have become a fixed form. This kind of study is monotonous and boring, which can't stimulate students' interest. In ancient private schools and academies in China, there were also scholastic teaching elements, such as three-character classics, thousand-character writings and hundreds of family names, which were all fixed. The teachers shook their heads and the students followed suit. Most of the time in the classroom is boring.
Second, mentoring education. This kind of education is completely teacher-centered and has a personal tradition. Students should absolutely obey teachers, who have absolute authority over students, and there is a dependence between teachers and students. This is the mentoring relationship in ancient China. Teachers who used to study hairdressing, carpentry and bricklaying had absolute authority. The apprentice must obey the master's instructions and do as he says, otherwise he won't teach you skills. But the teacher-student relationship in education, Aristotle refers to the tutorial system in universities. A tutor takes several students, just like his apprentice, the students must be completely subordinate to the tutor, the tutor has absolute authority in front of the students, and the students are proud to follow the tutor. However, the education of ancient Confucius should be a kind of education that benefits both teaching and learning. Confucius has 3000 disciples. Instead of suppressing students, he allowed them to discuss, communicate and debate. Teachers and students are equal and free. Confucius' famous saying, "A threesome requires a teacher" is a realm of pursuing knowledge.
Third, Socratic education. Socrates education is a kind of questioning education, also called midwife education. Socrates education is the paradigm closest to modern education. That is, in the teaching process, teachers and students are in an equal position. Socratic education is characterized by "awakening students' inner potential", opposing taking teachers as authority and focusing on "teaching" rather than "learning". This kind of teaching runs through the new curriculum standard. As we said, three-dimensional goals and core literacy all point to this kind of education. In the teaching process, teachers and students are in an atmosphere of equality and mutual trust. Students can question teachers, and teachers can generously apologize to students for making mistakes. This is a kind of subjective education with "knowledge" as the center, and everyone revolves around the great event of knowledge. Teachers are not teachers with fixed knowledge, but really play a guiding and awakening role. Whether it can awaken students' internal drive determines the teaching effect and affects the realization of teaching objectives. In Socratic teaching, students are afraid of the teacher's spirit. Students are no longer forced, but guided. This teaching method is worthy of serious consideration and study by all teachers.
Fourth, irony. Socrates likes to use irony to stimulate the speaker's thinking when talking with people. Philosophical irony expresses the yearning for the origin of truth. Promoted the birth of the speaker's brilliant ideas. Irony can be divided into three stages. In the first stage, Socrates used irony in the dialogue, so that all ignorance was clearly displayed in front of him and people could wake up from a dead end. Or attack other people's obvious mistakes to reflect. The second stage is to let people know their ignorance. In the third stage, everything is ambiguous. Irony, what I understand is not irony, but a teaching method called classroom questioning, which connects the intersections of students' thinking and produces more wonderful answers.
Fifth, epiphany. Aristotle said that education is the art of leading "back", that is, epiphany. In fact, epiphany is a feeling of being suddenly enlightened and waking up from a dream. When students are listening to the teacher's lecture, they will have an epiphany when the teacher gently pushes them. In the process of discussing problems in class, everyone brainstormed, and many people's opinions gave you an epiphany on this issue. Some students didn't do very well in primary school and junior high school, but in high school, there seemed to be something wrong with their heads, and they suddenly woke up and their grades soared, becoming the dark horse in the class. This is also an epiphany.
Sixth, the generation of education. A generation comes from the accumulation of history and the repeated efforts of self. The process of forming and breaking habits is the basis and path of generation. Generation can be divided into static and dynamic, static is to form habits, and dynamic is to transcend and break habits. Eggs break inward and break outward. Constantly forming and breaking habits is the solid foundation of our generation. Without habits as the foundation, every progress of our spirit will be impossible. Teachers break the rules in class, change the previous way of class, and put the knowledge of a lesson through it in the form of games. Students' interest is high and the teaching effect is very good. This is a new generation.
Today, my understanding of the second chapter is a little better than that of the first chapter. Baidu looked up a lot of information, but there are still many things that don't understand. Philosophy is really tasty! I hope reading is getting better and better.