When we interpret the classic Great Learning, we have already mentioned some ancient education in Xue Ji in the last article. Here, let's take a look at the ancient universities and primary schools in China.
Modern people go to primary school first, then to middle school and then to college. Ancient people also went to primary school first, and then to university (Thailand). At that time, there was no concept of middle school, and there was no school at this level.
Records show that formal schools appeared in the Xia Dynasty in China. Mencius on Teng Wengong: "We learn by learning and teaching. If you are embarrassed, give it up. Learn and teach. Order, shoot also. Xia Yue School, Yin Yuexiu, Zhou Yueyao, and scholarship are shared by three generations, which is why people in the Ming Dynasty are also moral. Excellent personnel relations, close to Wang. If there is a king, he will come to take the law and be king. "
Although there are only 67 words, the content is very rich. Here's an explanation:
1. Historical origin and evolution. The appearance of schools can be traced back to the distant Xia Dynasty. Its evolution is that the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties continued to run schools.
2. Name and meaning. Although these three generations have schools, their names are different. Xia was named "school", which means "teaching". Yin takes "preface" as the name, which means "shooting". "Zhou's name is Fafa", which means "keeping". Although the names are different, they are essentially teaching books, educating people and enlightening. Wang Niansun's "Guangya Shuzheng": "Training for education and training for shooting are all the names of teaching."
3. The level of the school. "East", "Xu" and "School" are all the names of village schools, that is, they are all local schools. "Learning from it runs in the family" means "university", which means that as for universities, all three generations are called "learning".
4. The nature and tasks of the school. Three generations are consistent, that is, to "understand human feelings" through study and education, and to make people's feelings clear. What is "human relations"? It is the moral principle of interpersonal relationship. The ancients believed that father and son, monarch
The five relationships among ministers, husband and wife, young and old, and friends are the most important and unchangeable in society, and must be handled according to certain criteria, so they are called "human relations" and "ethics". For example, Mencius and Teng Wengong
The first book says: people are human because they have their own way of being human. If they are full, warm and comfortable, but have no education, then they are close to animals. At first, the sage was worried about this, so he made Stuart by contract and taught him.
Human relations: "father and son are close, monarch and minister are righteous, husband and wife are different, young and old are close, and friends believe." (This sentence comes from Mencius)
5. The function and value of interpersonal relationship in Ming Dynasty. First, if the upper class, such as princes and doctors, understand human relations, then the lower class will be harmonious and United. This constitutes a harmonious society. Second, if there is a saint Wang Xing.
If you get up, you will definitely come to study, and this will become the teacher of the holy king. Although the latter sentence is aimed at Teng Wengong, it also shows the important universal value of "human relations in the Ming Dynasty". Such as Zhu's "Meng Subset"
Note: "Although Teng Guo is small and benevolent, he may not be able to prosper in Wang Ye; But if you are Julian Waghann, although there is no world, its brilliance is enough to reach the world. "
Let's talk about ancient primary schools, which refer to schools that provide primary education for children and adolescents. There were primary schools in the Western Zhou Dynasty, formerly called Xia Long, Xu Xi and Zuoxu. The name has changed since then. For example, there are four government-run schools and built-in primary schools, and private schools include libraries and township schools.
Elementary School also has a story. Because children have to learn to read and write in primary school, the Han Dynasty called philology "primary school". For example, "Han Art and the History of Literature" has included "ten small and forty-five articles" such as Cang Xie and Fan Jiang. Later, as a linguistic term, the connotation of "primary school" is also expanding. For example, after Wei and Jin Dynasties, with the appearance of rhyme books, phonology was also classified as "primary school". After the Tang Dynasty, exegetics was also classified as "primary school". "Primary school" became the general name of philology, phonology and exegetics, which was used until the late Qing Dynasty. Zhang, a master of Chinese studies, thinks that the name of "primary school" is not exact and advocates changing its name to linguistics and philology. "Primary school" is a difficult traditional knowledge, and it is not easy to master it. Lu Xun wrote to Cao Juren that when he was in Japan, Zhang Taiyan, a master of Chinese studies, taught him philology. "Mr. Taiyan once taught me primary school."
It is also interesting to look at some situations of ancient primary schools and universities in detail.
Fu Bao: "The ancients left home at the age of eight to learn small arts and do small jobs." Another cloud says, "Go to college, learn great arts, and make a big festival."
"Book of Rites": "The primary school is in the south and the university is in the suburbs."
Biography of the White Tiger: "I entered primary school at the age of eight and entered university at the age of fifteen."
"Biography of Shangshu": "Prince Gong Qing, the son of the doctor Yuan Shi, began to enter primary school at the age of thirteen, and lived a small life. At the age of 20, he entered the university, saw the festival and practiced righteousness. The time limit for this child to enter school is also. " "Biography of Shangshu" says: "Those who enter primary school in 15 years, enter university in 18 years, become late bloomers, and enter primary school in 15 years; Those who succeed early will enter the university at the age of 18. "
Based on the historical information in these documents, several points can be said:
1. Generally, the age of entering primary school is 8 years old, but some special people enter primary school at the age of 13, and even some people with late nature, that is, people with late intellectual development, enter primary school at the age of 15.
2. Generally, the age of entering the university is 15, but some special people will not enter the university until they are 20 years old.
3. The content of primary school learning, such as Zhu's "Preface to University Chapters", said: "At the age of eight, I was under a vassal. As for the children in Shu Ren, they should go to primary school and teach them to sweep the floor, cope, advance and retreat, be polite and happy, shoot at the imperial palace and write some books. " Here is a translation, please refer to the following article "Zhu Translation of University Chapters".
4. The content of university study is different, from learning to "practicing righteousness in short paragraphs" to "practicing righteousness in large paragraphs". For example, Zhu said, "In ten or five years, all the descendants of the Emperor, doctors and scholars from the public, the Qing Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty, as well as the beauty of all people, entered the university and were taught to be poor, upright, self-disciplined and govern the country. This is also the size of school teaching and festivals. "
Primary school is "seeing the small section, fulfilling the small meaning". University is to educate adults "to be poor, upright and cultivate themselves", and it is a "big festival" and "great righteousness", not only to "see" but also to "do". University is such a classic.
Let's take a look at the information provided by Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed underground.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions has the word "Xue", in which the glyph structure of the word contains three meanings: first, it has the form of staggered calculation and integration, which is manifested as the content of learning; Second, there is a part of the structure that shows the activities of teaching and learning; The third is another one.
Some structures represent houses, indicating that there must be a certain teaching place. Mao Ruili said, "The name of ancient learning in China began in Shang Dynasty.". According to the study of Oracle bones, "the' learning' of Shang Dynasty has included the foundation of school education.
Characteristics are the symbol of the formation of school education. "Schools in the Shang Dynasty were divided into universities and primary schools, which were recorded in ancient books. For example, The Book of Rites said:' Yin people set up a right school as a university and a left school as a primary school, willing to teach others'.
Wait a minute. Importantly, in recent years,' University' and' Dong' (the names of schools in primary schools) have been found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which further proves that schools in Shang Dynasty were taught at two levels. "(Mao Ruili" A Brief History of Education in China ")
Editor-in-Chief, Education Science Press, 1984)
These ancient documents and underground unearthed materials tell the posterity about the long history and diverse information of ancient education in China.
Zhu has many ideas about "university" and "primary school".
The chapters and sentences of Zhu University were revised in the sixteenth year (1 189), and the university was inscribed in this year. Reading his "University Chapters and Sentences", especially the preface, can help us understand some of his thoughts about universities, and Zhu also attaches great importance to primary schools.
Zhu has compiled a children's textbook focusing on moral education. In the fourteenth year of Xichun (1 187), Zhu compiled six volumes of Primary School to educate children to "love and respect their relatives". Among them, "inner chapter" includes: "Li"
Teaching, a bright future, respect for the body, reminiscing about the past. The crooked articles include "Yan Jia" and "kindness". Search and collect 386 related contents from 32 schools in the subset of classics and history. He also wrote an inscription for the primary school, which is contained in Zhu Wen's Official Document Collection.
Seventy-six
Zhu said: "The size of knowledge is different, but if it is Tao, there is only one." Learning from an early age, not being an Xi Zhi in primary school, is the foundation of the university. As long as it is, not if you don't go to college.
In order to abide by justice and rationality, cherish all undertakings and accept the success of primary schools. Today, young people must first commit suicide by sprinkling, sweeping, responding, opposing, advancing and retreating; Ritual, music, shooting, restraint, writing and counting habits. Once (SS, waiting) this is both.
The dragon, once again, fell to Mingde and Xinmin, and stopped at best. Of course, it was the second time. Why not? "
In other words, primary schools are different from universities, but they are the same in learning. Therefore, he is young and has no primary school, so he can't collect his indulgence and cultivate his virtue.
It is the foundation of the university. When he grows up, if he doesn't enter the university, then he can't test the principle and apply it to all undertakings and collect the success of primary schools. For a toddler, we should first try to make him learn to sprinkle water.
Sweep the floor, treat guests, collect things, etc. And do a good job in etiquette, music, shooting, defense, writing, counting and other basic training. When you grow up, you will receive further education such as "Mingde", "Xinmin" and "stop at the best".
This is a matter of course, why not?
There is a record in Wen lei that Zhu answered others' questions about the relationship between primary schools and universities.
Q: "What about primary schools and universities?"
Yue: "Primary schools cultivate this nature, while universities are so reasonable. Loyalty, faithfulness, filial piety and younger brother must be taught in primary schools; However, how can a primary school know honesty and sincerity? Be knowledgeable and take it as a reality. Generally, universities will go to the exhibition section by section, but they will definitely fall behind here; Arrived, entered, can not be solid; You can't make progress before you arrive. " ("Zhuzi School" Volume 14)
Zhu also said: "Primary school students learn things; University students learn what they have learned in primary school. " "Primary schools are directly concerned about that problem, while universities are poor at studying that reason." (Zhuzi School, Volume 7) Ningguo,
That's, that's mean. Zhu's words are very refined. Primary schools pay direct attention to that matter, while universities are poor at studying the deep truth behind that matter. Why this and that?
In ancient times, Zhu's primary school and primary school inscriptions were not illustrated. Li Tuixi, an ancient Korean scholar (1502- 157 1), is known as "Zhu Xi of Korea" and "the teacher of the East". He once created a picture of a primary school according to Zhu's idea, and he also introduced it here.
Li said: "Right Road Primary School had no plans in the past. I want to draw this picture according to the catalogue of this book, so as to draw a picture of the university. He also quoted Zhu's "General Theory of Size" in "University or Problem" to see the outline of their efforts. Architectural primary schools and universities are treated equally, so one is two, and the other is one. Therefore, it can be said in general that in these two pictures, both sides are acceptable. " ("Tuixiquanshu Primary School Question Answers")
As can be seen from the picture, the primary education takes "establishing education", "respecting morality" and "respecting body" as its "key points".
First, "establish education." The following is the decomposition of the "four-education": (1) prenatal education maintenance. (2) From childhood to adulthood. (3) The teaching of three things and four skills. (4) Establish teachers' teaching and receiving.
Second, "a bright future". The following is the details of "Five Ming": (1) Ming's father and son relatives. (2) the meaning of Ming monarch and minister. (3) the difference between Ming and his wife. (4) The order of the Ming Dynasty. ⑤ Friends of the Ming Dynasty.
Third, "respect the body." The following are the details of "Siming": (1) The essentials of understanding the nature of mind. (2) Understand the principles of Wei Yi. (3) Bright clothing system. (4) Festivals for eating and drinking.
About this "three cardinal guides", it extends to "reviewing the past". In this book "Three Cardinals and Five Permanences", there are two items of "kind words" and "good deeds" under "bright ethics", and "Yan Jia" has the details of "three widths": (1) Guanglijiao. (2) the theory of light. (3) extensive respect for the body. "Good deeds" have the details of "three realities": (1) solid education. (2) true and bright. (3) respect the body.
If we carefully understand it, the moral education in ancient primary schools is like this, which may be used as a reference to reflect on today's education. It also shows that ancient primary schools and universities are interlinked in moral education.
In addition, the "two pictures" referred to in this paper refer to Li's primary school picture and North Korean scholars' university picture. These two pictures can be combined or compared, which is beneficial to the understanding of universities.