External factors mainly refer to the independent learning environment of primary school students. Various teaching modes and strategies adopted by teachers in the teaching process will affect the cultivation of primary school students' autonomous learning ability, and the learning atmosphere will affect their interest in autonomous learning. In the whole learning process, primary school students should be the center of the learning process. If the autonomous learning environment provides students with learning freedom, students will adopt active learning methods and be able to control the whole learning process.

2. Internal factors

(1) learning motivation. Learning motivation is an important factor affecting primary school students' autonomous learning, and it is the driving force of autonomous learning. The motivation of primary school students mostly belongs to direct motivation. They often study to get good grades and get praise from their parents and teachers, or to set an example for others, or to make others praise themselves for their cleverness, or to complete the tasks assigned by others. They are not good at linking learning with the future of individuals and society, and their long-term motivation for learning has not yet been developed. Therefore, as parents and teachers, we should make full use of the direct motivation of learning and motivate them to study hard according to their own characteristics and actual situation. On the other hand, educate them and gradually cultivate their long-term motivation.

(2) self-awareness. In addition to learning motivation, primary school students' self-awareness also affects their autonomous learning. Self-awareness includes primary school students' stable and comprehensive understanding of themselves, as well as self-confidence and self-monitoring in learning. Self-concept refers to the stable and comprehensive understanding of oneself formed by individuals in their long-term life. Pupils' self-evaluation has long been influenced by it. If they encourage students more and criticize less in teaching, and help them build up positive self-concept and confidence in autonomous learning, then students will be full of interest in autonomous learning, ensure the efficiency and success of learning, and take the initiative to learn in the whole learning process. Nevertheless, the self-monitoring ability of primary school students is still weak and unstable, which needs teachers to consciously cultivate.

(3) Learning strategies. Learning strategy is one of the internal factors that affect primary school students' autonomous learning. The reasons why the number of cognitive strategies owned by individuals and their acquisition level affect primary school students' autonomous learning. Cognitive strategy is an individual's processing method of external information, and it is a variety of procedures and methods adopted by individuals to improve their cognitive operation level. The level and degree of primary school students' acceptance of knowledge and the reprocessing of knowledge directly affect students' learning effect. Therefore, the more primary school students' cognitive strategies, it will affect the effect of autonomous learning.