(1) Education should adapt to the development order of the younger generation and promote students' physical and mental development step by step.
The order of physical and mental development: From birth to adulthood, children's physical and mental development is a continuous process from low to high, from quantitative change to qualitative change. Such as physical development: top-down; Psychological development: from mechanical memory to meaningful memory.
(b) Education should adapt to the stage of physical and mental development of the younger generation.
Stage means that individuals at different ages show different overall characteristics and main contradictions of physical and mental development and face different development tasks. Therefore, education should adapt to the stage, age characteristics and main contradictions of the younger generation's physical and mental development.
(3) The imbalance of physical and mental development requires education to seize the critical period.
The imbalance of individual development is manifested in two aspects: First, the development speed of the same aspect is unbalanced at different ages. For example, the height and weight of teenagers have two growth peaks. Secondly, the imbalance of development in different aspects. Physiologically, the nervous system and lymphatic system mature first, and the reproductive system matures later. Psychological aspect: perceptual maturity comes first, thinking maturity comes later and emotional maturity comes later.
(D) Complement physical and mental development, and cultivate people with all-round and harmonious development.
Complementarity reflects the relationship between the components of human physical and mental development. First of all, it means that after a certain skill of the body is damaged or even missing, it can be made up by extraordinary exertion in other aspects; Secondly, people's psychological function and physiological function are also complementary.
(e) Education should adapt to the individual differences in the physical and mental development of the younger generation, so as to teach students in accordance with their aptitude.
The younger generation also has individual differences in interests, hobbies, will and personality. Education should pay attention to the individual differences of students. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude? Long-term good to recover losses? So that every student can improve quickly and effectively.
Fourth, the characteristics of teachers' labor.
(1) demonstration
Teachers' demonstration is the most direct example for students and an indispensable means to guide and standardize students' growth.
(2) Creativity
1. First, teach students in accordance with their aptitude;
2. It is manifested in the application and selection of teaching principles and methods;
3. It is reflected in teachers' handling and processing of teaching materials;
4. Reflected in teachers' educational wit.
complexity
1. Teachers' labor objects are complex;
2. Teachers' responsibilities are manifold;
3. The process of teachers' labor is complicated;
4. Teachers' working ability is complicated.
The vastness of space and the continuity of time
(5) Long-term (continuity)
Long-term means that the period of talent training is relatively long, and the influence of education is delayed. Mainly in two aspects:
First, the fruits of teachers' labor are talents, and the training period of talents is relatively long.
Second, it often takes a long time to see the effect of teachers' influence on students.
(6) the meaning of labor effect (indirectness)
As a potential value, the teacher's labor effect is implicit in students, reflected in the healthy development of students' body and mind and the growth of students? De? Only? You can't observe it directly, but you can't see it until the students take up their jobs.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) course type
(1) According to the nature of the course content, it can be divided into subject courses and activity courses.
Subject courses mainly study indirect experience, while activity courses mainly study direct experience.
(B) According to the organizational form of the course, it is divided into: subject courses and comprehensive courses.
Subject-based curriculum is a curriculum form that selects knowledge from a certain subject field and organizes it according to the logical structure of subject knowledge. Comprehensive course refers to a course that breaks the knowledge field of traditional subject courses and combines two or more subject fields. Primary school is mainly a comprehensive course, junior high school is a comprehensive branch course, and senior high school is mainly a branch course.
(3) According to the different subjects of curriculum management and development, it can be divided into national curriculum, local curriculum and school curriculum. The national curriculum is a first-class curriculum, which is compiled and approved by the central education administrative organ. Local curriculum is a second-level curriculum compiled by educational administrative agencies and educational research institutions of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. School curriculum (also known as school-based curriculum) is a variety of courses for students to choose by scientifically evaluating the needs of our students and making full use of the curriculum resources of local communities and learning. Usually in the form of elective courses or special courses.
(4) According to the task of the course, it is divided into basic courses, extended courses and research courses. Basic courses focus on the cultivation of students' basic academic ability, that is, to? Miki? Basic education centers on reading, writing and calculation. Expanding courses focus on expanding students' knowledge and ability, broadening their knowledge horizons, developing students' different special abilities, and turning to other aspects of learning. Often in the form of elective courses. Research-oriented courses focus on cultivating students' inquiry attitude and ability.
(5) According to the requirements of curriculum implementation in the curriculum plan, it is divided into compulsory courses and elective courses. Compulsory courses refer to the courses that students must study according to national, local or school regulations. Elective courses refer to courses that students can choose freely according to their own interests, academic orientation and professional needs.
(6) According to the nature of courses, they can be divided into explicit courses and implicit courses. Explicit courses, also known as open courses and formal courses, refer to courses presented in a direct and obvious way in the school situation. One of the main characteristics of explicit curriculum is planning, which is the main symbol to distinguish explicit curriculum from implicit curriculum. Hidden curriculum, also called hidden curriculum, was first proposed by American educator Jackson in 1966.
(7) Goodrider divides the course into five levels: ideal course, formal course, comprehension course, operation course and experience course.
Ideal courses, that is, courses that research institutions, academic groups and curriculum experts should offer;
Formal courses, that is, the curriculum plan, curriculum standards and teaching materials stipulated by the administrative department of education, are the courses we usually see in the curriculum.
The course of understanding, that is, the course of teachers' understanding, may have a certain distance from the formal course What is the so-called? A thousand readers have a thousand hamlets? .
Operational courses, that is, courses actually implemented in the classroom, are often adjusted by teachers at any time according to students' reactions during the implementation process;
Experiential course is what students actually experience in classroom learning, that is, course experience.
The above is about the content sharing of the important test sites of "educational knowledge and ability" in primary schools over the years. I hope it will be helpful to all candidates! Want to know more about the teacher qualification examination, welcome everyone to pay attention to this platform in time!