Today, the evaluation of Liang Qichao's educational thought by China educational circles is not commensurate with his outstanding contribution to modern education in China. Liang Qichao is at a critical moment when China's feudal imperial examination and eight-part essay declined and modern education needed to be born. He was deeply hurt by the stereotyped writing of old education before the middle school entrance examination. After China's surrender, he studied under Kang Youwei and began to accept western culture and new educational content. He soon became an innovator of old education and an active advocate of new education, and made outstanding contributions to the birth of modern education in China.
First, successfully promote the abolition of stereotyped writing and advocate education to save the country.
Eight-part essay prevailed in Ming and Qing Dynasties, with dull form and stale content. It became the shackles that bound intellectuals' thoughts and popularized people's education, became the basis of maintaining feudal regime, and was the representative and core of feudal culture. /kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, stereotyped writing became a huge obstacle to social progress with the introduction of western liberalism and the gradual liberation of intellectuals' thoughts. Before the Reform Movement of 1898, Wang Tao and others proposed to abolish stereotyped writing and set up western-style schools, but it did not become a climate. After the Reform Movement of 1898, the abolition of stereotyped writing became the first breakthrough of reform.
1April 3, 898, Kang Youwei wrote: "Please abandon stereotyped writing and try to write a book, and try to write a book with strategy." He said: "There are many ways to reform today, but don't rush for success. There are also many ways to get talents. Don't walk ahead of the imperial examination. Today's study is not finished, and the method of imperial examination has not changed suddenly. It is better to abolish stereotyped writing. " [1] After the letter was written, the emperor "submitted it to the General Administration for discussion but failed to do so." 2 it can be seen that the resistance is great. At Kang Youwei's behest, Liang Qichao launched more than 100 candidates in Beijing in mid-May, and wrote to the Duchayuan jointly with "Please change the imperial examination discount on the bus", solemnly pointing out that after the Sino-foreign trade, the eight-part essay has become an ignorant policy that harms others and does not benefit others. At the moment of national peril, he strongly urged the emperor to "make a special edict", "mobilize the power of the world with thunderous force" and "must go to Kexianghui".
The abolition of stereotyped writing became the focus of reform and counter-reform at that time, and the struggle was fierce. Not only are conservative ministers such as fortitude and Xu Yingzhen opposed to it to the death, but many intellectuals who take stereotyped writing as the only way of promotion do not understand or even hate it, and kill Kang Youwei without haste. Due to the heavy resistance, Guangxu couldn't make up his mind at the moment. In order to abolish stereotyped writing, he went to the Summer Palace on June 20th to ask the Queen Mother for instructions. On June 23, Guangxu ordered that, starting from the next subject, the provincial examination and the children's year-old subject should be changed to the strategy theory.
The abolition of the reform theory of stereotyped writing destroyed the foundation on which feudalism depended, which was a great revolution in China's ideological and cultural fields and liberated China politically and ideologically, creating conditions for the rapid birth of China's modern school system.
If Kang Youwei is the commander-in-chief calling for the abolition of stereotyped writing, Liang Qichao launched more than 100 letters calling for the abolition of stereotyped writing, which caused a massive mass movement and became the main force to promote the rapid abolition of stereotyped writing.
1895 After the failure of "writing on the bus" against "treaty of shimonoseki", Liang Qichao was determined to give up his official career at the critical moment of national peril and wholeheartedly advocated education to save the country with strong patriotic enthusiasm. The source of Taixi's way of governing the country is the prosperity of the school and the emphasis on talent training. He clearly saw that Japan became rich and strong rapidly after the Meiji Restoration. The main reason lies in vigorously developing education and cultivating talents. He also studied the lesson of China's "Westernization for 30 years, and so on, but he was repeatedly defeated and saved by the literati", and came to the conclusion that it was precisely because of the lack of schools that he failed to cultivate his own experts. So in the long run, we must develop schools and train our own talents. Therefore, Liang Qichao pointed out: "In a word, the foundation of reform lies in cultivating talents, promoting talents lies in starting schools, and establishing schools lies in changing imperial examinations. Everything needs to be done and the official system is changing."
At that time, while praising Liang Qichao's remarks on talent strategy, some people questioned that it takes ten years to plant trees and a hundred years to educate people. Today, China is confronted with internal troubles and foreign invasion, and suddenly carries out reforms. "However, this is a big event", which requires a large number of talents to help. Where can there be so many talents in the short term? Liang Qichao believes that quacks are not in the middle stream, so they can't save the day and cure diseases. Therefore, skilled professionals are necessary. He reminded people of Japan's experience. "I don't know the coast of the East China Sea, just three islands, robbed by the outer alliance, forced into the town, rugged and difficult, on the verge of extinction. And between changes, from weak to strong, "isn't it the result of cultivating talents in Daxing school?" "So, it is unnecessary to doubt the idea of cultivating talents. Moreover, Liang Qichao firmly believes that "extraordinary talents are enough to help extraordinary changes. "Without extraordinary talents, all" extraordinary changes "are difficult to succeed. He also said: "the number of talents" is the standard to measure "the strength of the national situation." "five
Liang Qichao dared to break through the barriers of feudal old education and put education and talent training in the strategic position of rejuvenating the country, which showed his outstanding views on scientific strategy as a far-sighted political thinker. Liang Qichao listed "talent" as a necessary condition for "extraordinary change", which has extensive and far-reaching significance.
Second, advocate the establishment of various schools.
The abolition of stereotyped writing examination-oriented education has also weakened the position of the old-style familiar learning, learning palace and academy, and it is necessary to advocate the establishment of new schools quickly. Therefore, "opening a school" has become the primary link for Liang Qichao to promote the strategic thinking of talents. Since 65438+1990s, high-ranking figures in China society, such as Zhang Zhidong, Chen Baozhen, Sheng Xuanhuai and Kang Youwei, have all played the role of the imperial court in promoting schools, but they are all limited to establishing local or individual schools, while Liang Qichao comprehensively and systematically proposed the establishment of schools at all levels.
As early as 1896, Liang Qichao published about 60 articles in the series of "Great Discussions on Reform", most of which were about developing schools and educating talents. He has a penetrating view of the world, pointing out that in the competition of the past century, "the reason for winning or losing lies in the wisdom of strength", not in intelligence. "So self-improvement is today, and the first meaning is to enlighten people's wisdom." ? Open to schools. ""The dead can be saved, the useless can be abolished, the stupid can be wise, the weak can be strong, and the organized can be, all of which belong to the school. "According to western school theory, Liang Qichao divided schools into three categories:" teaching ","politics "and" arts ",18 subtitle, namely: schools, imperial examinations, teachers' colleges (specialties), preschool education, book collection (library) and book compilation. Since then, he has outlined the educational system, educational system and courses in China. six
At that time, in his article On Societies, he also emphasized the establishment of various societies to organize learning in agriculture, industry, commerce, learning and military to improve people's knowledge. "Learning is invincible, ashamed of revenge, why not; In order to cultivate ordinary politics, why can't politics be realized? " This should be the object of civilian education and rural education in the 1920s and 1930s.
At the same time, Liang Qichao initiated the establishment of Shi Jing University Hall and local schools at all levels in China through his wife and brother Li Duanfen. 1June, 896 12, Liang Qichao pointed out for the first time the five shortcomings of the Westernization School in the book "Playing Invitations to Promote School Folding" drafted by Li Duanfen, the acting cabinet scholar and assistant minister of the Ministry of Justice: for example, "only learning western languages, the way to govern the country is rich and strong, and everything is crucial;" "Learning to be excellent is to be an official, and mentoring is not divided." There are few schools but not systematic. Invited to "set up primary schools in the capital and counties, and set up universities in the capital", and suggested to create libraries, document offices, translation offices, newspapers, and send a tour. According to Luo Dunyi, a close friend of Liang Qichao, at the founding meeting of Shi Jing University Hall, Li Duanfen's Please Promote School Discount was written by Liang Qichao. Judging from the content of this fold, it is indeed a part of Liang Qichao's Introduction to Schools.
Liang Qichao also paid special attention to the establishment of normal schools, girls' schools and political colleges. He said, "If you want to change old habits and promote intellectual learning, you must take the establishment of a normal school as the first meaning", because normal school is the foundation of group learning, and you should choose top students as students. A normal school is attached to a primary school, with normal students as primary school teachers. After three years, primary school students can be promoted to middle school students, and those who are excellent in primary school teaching can be promoted to middle school teaching. Only in this way can education in China develop step by step.
Liang Qichao raised the importance of women's studies to a very important position after criticizing all kinds of fallacies that belittle women. He said that women account for half of the national population. "If we push the foundation of the world's weakness, we must start with the daughter who never learns." Because the growth of life "determined to make a career" was first known before the age of ten, the foundation of "being upright and versatile" and "being educated" must start from the mother's teaching. The foundation of mother's education must begin with women's education. Therefore, women's studies are a great source of survival and strength in the world. " At the same time, he expounded the importance of female education from several aspects, such as female employment and equal rights between men and women. "The country with the strongest female education is the strongest." 10 He believes that women's liberation and development of women's education are the fundamental link and important symbol of the country's prosperity. 1897165438+10 In October, Liang Qichao issued the first notice of setting up a girls' school in China in The Times, and co-founded Shanghai Zheng Jing Girls' School-the first girls' school in China with a well-known wealthy businessman in Shanghai, and personally participated in the preparation and formulation of the school rules. 1 1 officially opened in may, 898.
1902, Liang Qichao also advocated strengthening basic education and compulsory primary education. He said, "Primary schools in all countries are compulsory." "If China does not want to promote schooling now, it is necessary to start with the power of the government (harmony, harmony) and force the implementation of the primary school system." "Who is the compulsory educator?" All children reach the age of "inescapable". "Parents are guilty if they don't learn at the age of 20." It is proposed that a primary school must be set up in towns and villages. And put forward several concrete suggestions for establishing primary schools: (1) All primary schools are supervised by the state, and each province has one or two inspectors; (b) Establishing a school tax in local taxes, with the aim of establishing and maintaining schools; (c) Education conferences should be set up in each district, which should be composed of education committee members elected by local residents to manage the school; Constitution of the National Fast Primary School. Primary school textbooks must be "according to the subjects prescribed by the state", whether they are compiled by the government or privately; (e) All primary schools charge tuition fees, but they must be extremely low, which shall be uniformly stipulated by the state, and those with poor families and excellent academic performance may be exempted. 12
Liang Qichao inspected the western countries of Thailand "to change the law first and learn to take the lead in politics", and Japan followed suit, "so it rose in Japan in 30 years." 13 1896, Liang Qichao went to Wuchang and suggested that Zhang Zhidong, the governor of the two lakes, "specialize in politics" and set up a political school, "taking the philosophers of the Six Classics as classics, supplemented by western axioms and public law books, in order to seek the way to govern the world." 14 At the same time, Liang also sent a letter to Fu Yinlin, who specializes in Zhejiang schools, hoping that "middle schools in Zhejiang should follow this idea" and that schools should take "politics as a principle and art as a vassal" and "politics is widely used and art is narrowly used. Make it a state-owned artist without political talent, so although there are many stunts, the rulers don't know why they use them, and they will eventually be used by others. " 15 In this way, Liang Qichao became the first person in China to establish a political college or set up a political course.
Because Liang Qichao advocated Li Duanfen's idea of "beating to promote learning", it directly attracted the special attention of the imperial court. After writing for two months, that is,1August, 896 16, the Prime Minister's yamen reiterated that "I was instructed to study and study." On August 2 1, Sun Jianai put forward six measures to rebuild Shi Jing University Hall. Since then, Shi Jing University Hall has entered the preparatory stage. 1In the autumn of 898, Shi Jing University Hall began to recruit students, and an elementary school hall was added in five cities of Shi Jing. Since then, new schools have sprung up.
Third, first provide a blueprint for the modern academic system.
The school in the Westernization period was still a practical technical school with a single system. After the Sino-French War, Zheng once introduced that Taixi learning can be divided into three levels: beginner, middle school and school. 1895, Sheng Xuanhuai mentioned in the Articles of Association of Tianjin Chinese and Western School that second-class schools should be first-class schools, and they should be selected to go abroad and promoted step by step. 16 Second-class schools recruit students with the age of 13- 15 who have graduated from Shanghai-Hong Kong primary school for four years, and then they are promoted to first-class schools for four years in turn, which is equivalent to graduating from university. This is the bud of modern education system, but it is not systematic.
1896, Liang Qichao published a series of articles such as "General Theory of Schools". According to the books written by westerners, such as "Moral Studies", "Notes on New Studies in Seven Countries" and "Literature Prospering the National Policy", they talked about ordinary universities, primary schools, agriculture, industry, commerce, medicine, industrial colleges, normal schools, girls' schools, schools for the disabled and industrial schools respectively. 1From June to July, 898, Kang Youwei put forward in "Please open a school discount" that "the distance is the virtue, and the near is the day, so as to determine the academic system and beg for the imperial edict". After the failure of political reform, the chaos in Eight-Nation Alliance once again led to the low tide of academic development. 1On May 22nd, 902, Liang Qichao published an article "On Education Policy" in Xinmin Congbao, summarizing the education situation in the four years since the Reform Movement of 1898. He said, "Today is the future of China and the consensus of the ruling and opposition parties." However, it has been two years since this discussion, and the reality of education is. Therefore, in today's China, "if you want to learn, you must forcibly implement the primary school system (harmony, harmony) under the intervention of the government". In order to promote the school in an all-round way, he listed a "school schedule" according to the Japanese education order. (It used to be a vertical table, but now it is changed to a text description)
General academic system: junior college (free study for any number of years)-undergraduate course for 3-4 years, divided into liberal arts and practical courses. Liberal arts include liberal arts universities, law universities and medical universities. There are science universities, engineering universities, agricultural universities and business universities. -Eight years of high school. Eight-year compulsory education in primary school-two years in kindergarten.
Normal school system: 4 years in normal university, 4 years in higher normal school and 8 years in ordinary normal school.
Special education system (from primary school to 4-5 years): political and legal schools, Lu Haijun schools, art schools, normal schools, various higher industrial schools and various simple industrial schools.
Liang Qichao emphasized that students must step by step according to their age and school level, especially not "giving up the middle school level", and the top priority is to develop primary schools. Strive for "national primary schools like stars" within ten years.
Liang Qichao's "Academic System Table" introduced the series of western schools of all levels and types to China for the first time, aiming at providing a space for the authorities to "freely choose", and 17 provided a practical blueprint for the modern academic system in China. .
Fourthly, the modern school management system is designed systematically.
Liang Qichao said in his "General Theory of Schools" that he had formulated many school statutes. There are only three representative articles of association that can be found now: (introduced in chronological order)
(1) Articles of Association of Girls' Schools, 1897, 12.4, published in The Times. The purpose of designating girls' schools as private schools is to enlighten people's wisdom, safeguard women's rights and achieve "justice and equality". First, the board of directors of the western enterprise (harmonious, harmonious) management and leadership mechanism was introduced into the school. The internal directors 12 people, all women who donated money, took turns to go to the school to check their homework, help with everything, and received no salary; There are 12 foreign directors and immediate family members of the donation. They are responsible for raising funds, hiring teachers to raise wages, agreeing on homework, checking expenses and not getting paid. In addition, Zheng, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Zhang Jian, etc. 10, assisted by Dongzhu, "praise the outside world as much as possible". In the classroom, teachers teach in Chinese and Western languages, and classes in the classroom are taught in Chinese and Western languages. In addition to arithmetic, medicine and normal education, legal courses are also offered. According to the regulations of western countries, students' tuition fees are reduced, and each student has a cashier of one yuan per month, eating out, and staying in school without charging room fees, so as to broaden education. All donations are collected by the non-foot-binding association and the expenses are managed by the accounting manager of the girls' school. The income and expenditure accounts are supervised by the board of directors and published in The Times. For the first time, the school has established a scientific management mechanism of financial revenue and expenditure, board supervision and financial disclosure. Except for two financial personnel, all directors and teaching staff of girls' schools are women, and closed management is implemented. Students are strictly forbidden to go out and men are not allowed to break in. In the school, there is a memorial tablet that respects teachers. In addition to paying homage to former teachers, there is also a shrine for former female directors to commemorate former female directors who made meritorious service.
(2) Articles of Association of Hunan Current Affairs School: After Liang Qichao went to Hunan Current Affairs School as the keynote speaker in June1897+0/,he immediately formulated the Learning Agreement of Hunan Current Affairs School and Detailed Articles of Association of Hunan Current Affairs School. With regard to the author of the latter, Xiong Xiling once said in July 1897 of Chen Baozhen's Book for Current Affairs School: "What books should I read and learn? Upon arrival, there will be an entry, which will be sent to all officials and gentlemen and passed on to each other. The group thinks it is feasible. If you are outstanding, you should follow this teaching method, which is not allowed by your peers. It can be seen from 18 that the articles of association were written by Liang Qichao.
The teaching management experience of current affairs school is developed on the basis of Wanmu Caotang, which has three characteristics: first, it emphasizes students' determination, nourishing their hearts, reading, poor theory and applying what they have learned; The second is to offer western political courses. In modern China, Kang Youwei's Changxing Academy was the first school to offer western political courses, including the principles of political science, the gains and losses of international political evolution, the practical application of politics, and group studies. 19 Liang Qichao established the Public Law of Nations, General Theory of Public Law, Common Sense of Public Law, Axiom, A Complete Collection of English Laws, French Statutory Law, Japanese Criminal Law, A Brief History of Europe, Historical Records of Nations, etc. At the current affairs school, I talked about current affairs and patriotism. Thirdly, Liang Qichao also talked about the theory of "serving the people", advocating "civil rights", advocating freedom and equality, promoting students' ideological emancipation, encouraging students to aspire to patriotism and pursue people's freedom.
(3) Drafting the Constitution of Shi Jing University Hall on behalf of the Prime Minister's yamen (1898 July 3): According to Zhou Dechang's research, the Constitution of Shi Jing University Hall of 1898 was drafted by the Minister of Military Affairs and the Prime Minister's yamen at that time. 2 1
The articles of association of Shi Jing University are divided into 8 chapters and 54 sections. The main contents are as follows:
1. Because the Ministry of Education and the national primary and secondary schools were not established at that time, Shi Jing University Hall is a primary and secondary school, and all schools are under the jurisdiction of the University Hall, which is "inclusive". Each school is divided into points, rising step by step, with exercise books, from shallow to deep, and students walk according to levels. Set up a compilation bureau to be responsible for writing exercise books. Establish a library and instrument research institute.
2. About school work. "No matter what kind of school, there are no scholars who can learn from other countries without giving up their own knowledge, and there are no scholars who can learn from other countries without knowing their own knowledge." We should "learn from middle school and use western learning". Both need each other and are indispensable. "
3. The homework is based on "seeking truth from facts" and refers to the homework setting of Taixi Japan General School.
Every scholar who takes a break must stay in the lecture hall for 6 hours every day, under the supervision of the teacher, and go back to lent for 4 hours for self-study. Don't miss class. Those who don't obey will be screened out. According to the western example, use the integral method to get an excellent test and announce it to the public as a model.
5. Students who wish to enroll can "register to vote". First, as additional students, those who pass the exam after 1 month are regular students, with 200 students rated and 200 reserved. Students who are living on campus are divided into 6 grades according to different grades, and the monthly ointment fee is 4-20 liang (silver). Get ready to live on campus. Don't get caught in the fire. After graduation, the imperial examination system was imitated for Jinshi, Juren and Gong Sheng. Those who have graduated from university with diplomas are scholars and recommended to conferring officials. Those with excellent grades will be selected to study abroad.
6, the principle of hiring teachers. In order to change the practice of taking foreigners as head teachers, we must employ China generalists who are proficient in Chinese and Western culture as head teachers. Regardless of rank or age, people should be given priority.
7. There is a minister in charge of management, and Shangshu is also an assistant minister, without taking other salary records.
8, the implementation of the budget system. The faculty and staff pay generous salaries to support themselves, and the monthly salary for general teaching and special credit teaching in the West is 300 Liang. The monthly salary for teaching and other teaching ranges from 50 to 200. . All the expenses of engineering, books and equipment shall be paid by the general manager and the manager, and shall not be contaminated with officialdom.
The management regulations designed by Liang Qichao for modern schools include administrative management, financial management, personnel management, student management, curriculum, timetable and so on. They all have the pioneering characteristics of modern education management in China, which laid a preliminary foundation for the establishment of modern schools and management systems. These articles of association also had an important influence on the later articles of association of the Qing government. For example, 1902, Chapter 1, Section 4 of the Constitution of Jingshi University, "Jingshi University is in charge of education and should be in harmony with the national spirit", which is completely consistent with the spirit of the Constitution of Jingshi University drafted by 1898, and will continue to be so.
Fifthly, we advocate taking education as the purpose.
190 1 year, the imperial examination was suspended, and the academy was changed to a college (specialized school), with middle schools in each government. The school has formulated the "election" encouragement regulations, and those who have passed the school graduation examination are given names such as Gong Sheng, Juren and Jinshi. All these are carried out in accordance with the Constitution of Shi Jing University (1898). Since then, domestic new schools have gradually developed. Under the new situation, how to develop schools should be guided by clear policies, which was Liang Qichao's first concern.1On the purpose of education was published in the first issue of Xinmin Congbao in February, 902, which summarized the recent new progress of education reform and pointed out that "this is a gradual civilization", but the content, task and future goal of new education should be solved, which put forward the purpose of education. He said that the purpose of education is to guide people's progress. "The purpose is biased, and its disadvantages lie in people's hearts. There are often people who can't recover losses for decades and hundreds of years. " Therefore, it is very important to formulate the correct educational purpose.
What is the purpose of education? Liang Qichao pointed out that "enlightening the people" and "cultivating talents" are not the purpose of education, because "cultivating talents of traitors" means "not cultivating talents". After introducing and analyzing the educational aims, advantages and disadvantages of Athens, Sparta, Germany, Britain and Japan, he pointed out that the educational aims should be based on the national characteristics and national development direction of each country. "The purpose of national education in our country, what do you care about? It is said that in today's world of nationalism, any country that can stand in heaven and earth must have its inherent characteristics. " These characteristics are influenced by geography, history, tradition, ideas, customs and other factors. National characteristics have advantages and disadvantages, so we should inherit and carry forward the advantages and discard the disadvantages. At the same time, we should learn from the advantages of foreign countries in formulating educational goals. "Make its people have personality (that is, the qualifications for being a person, including personality, knowledge and physical strength), enjoy human rights, be automatic rather than a puppet, be independent rather than a puppet, be independent rather than a barbarian, be self-reliant rather than a vassal, be the people of their own country rather than the people of other countries, be the people of today rather than the people of the valley, and be the people of the world rather than the people of the valley. This is the same as the educational purpose of civilized countries in the world. " At that time, Liang Qichao did not put forward his own views on what educational purpose China should adopt. 22
With regard to the content of educational objectives and policies, Liang Qichao summed up the educational policies of Changxing Academy in 190 1, namely, "taking Tao as the aim, virtue as the basis, benevolence as the basis and art as the tour", which can be summarized as "moral education, intellectual education and physical education". The general teaching principle is "attaching importance to spiritual and moral education". In this regard, Liang Qichao commented that Kang Youwei's educational organization and thought, before the western education system was imported into China, "had nothing to rely on, created it by himself, and made little effort!" Liang also carried out these contents in the current affairs school. 1902 Three months after the publication of "On the Purpose of Education", Liang published "On the Policy of Education", which mentioned four educational issues: "morality, intelligence, emotion and meaning". In the Division Table of Educational Periods for Private Discussion on Education Policy, the different characteristics of students of different school ages are analyzed from five aspects: body, knowledge, emotion, will and self-observation, so that teachers can carry out education from reality in time. This is a brand-new concept of China's education policy. At that time, foreigners called China "the sick man of East Asia". In his series of articles on Xinmin Shuo, he analyzed the weakness of China citizens, and put forward the necessity of transforming the national character. He used "public morality", "private morality", "national thought", "martial arts" (strengthening military education), "enterprising" and "progress" to train China people. He emphasized that this is necessary for the "theory of superiority and inferiority" of human society, and it is also necessary to resist the nation today. Later, Liang Qichao clearly pointed out that the primary task of educators is to educate people to be human beings. Although illiterate, they must "be an open individual" in order to make the educated become modern people with both wisdom, benevolence and courage. This is the whole content of Liang Qichao's educational purpose. He wants to transform the "sick man of East Asia" into a new citizen with morality, wisdom and strong popular spirit. This puts forward a very important strategic goal for the construction of "people" in new China.
1905 65438+February, the Qing government (Yonghe) set up a department, and on March 27th of the following year, the department played a book and announced that the educational purpose was "loyalty to the monarch, respect for Confucius, respect for the public, respect for martial arts and respect for reality". This is the first educational aim (harmony, harmony) promulgated by the Qing government. Although it is far from the spirit of transforming the national character envisioned by Liang Qichao, its basic spirit is the same.
Six, teaching materials, curriculum, teaching purposes, methods and other initiatives.
1, the founder of the textbook.
1897 In May, Liang Qichao's Western Politics Series was printed and published by Ji Shen Bookstore. The contents of the book are divided into eight categories, including historical system, official system, academic system, legal system, public law, agricultural politics, industrial politics, commercial politics and military politics, all of which were important books for discussing western politics at that time. In the autumn and winter of the same year, Liang Qichao and his comrades got together to set up Datong Translation Bookstore in Shanghai. "First, translate books of various reforms and books of various situations, and keep them unchanged for the law passed today; Translate all kinds of school texts for reading; Translate the constitution to clarify the foundation of the country; Translate the articles of association for the purpose of handling affairs; Translation of business books to promote business research in China and to preserve rights ". 28
Liang Qichao's articles, such as The Charter of Jingshi University, The Charter of Girls' School, The Detailed Charter of Current Affairs School, On Teacher Education, On Kindergarten Studies, all made detailed curriculum plans for various schools, and became the first person to set up courses in modern schools in China.
At that time, he obviously became a veritable expert in curriculum setting and textbook writing. During the Reform Movement of 1898,1July 3, 898, the Prime Minister's yamen summoned Shi Jing University Hall and the Translation Bureau of Shanghai Official Bookstore, which were under the unified leadership of Liang Qichao and had the dual tasks of translating books and compiling school exercise books. Since then, Liang Qichao, under the leadership of the school management minister of Shi Jing University, has served as the chief of translating, editing and printing textbooks, and edited middle school exercise books and issued them to schools in various provinces. Obviously, Liang Qichao is the founder of modern textbook editing. He is also the founder of librarianship and library science.
2. With regard to teaching methods and principles, Liang Qichao also introduced western teaching methods and principles from many aspects and creatively applied them.
Papers published in schools after 1896 introduced many western teaching methods: (a) advocating interesting teaching methods, such as "performing" and "speaking drums" when teaching astronomical geography; When teaching other courses, you can write various song formulas and question-and-answer books, such as Wuzhou, Chinese famous songs, songs to persuade students to learn, patriotic songs and so on. Let students learn and remember easily in entertainment. Even in the teaching of middle school students and college students, the primary task of teachers is to stimulate students' interest in the subjects they teach. Children's homework is graded by 100. "72 points are taught at home, 9 points are drawn by classmates, and only 19 points are taught by teachers." He particularly emphasized the methods that mothers teach their children, focusing on "daily diet, singing and playing, random guidance, making the best use of the situation, why not learn and why not teach." Oppose flogging punitive education, in order to "cultivate honesty and shame, abandon oneself without orders." (3) In the study of children's Chinese characters, he said that the structure of Chinese characters is mainly based on sound or shape. "Stress, first learn letters, then learn pinyin; People who pay attention to form must first learn to be independent and then combine. " (d) With regard to children's foreign language learning, he suggested learning "everyday social and oral lingua franca" first. (e) With regard to children's mathematics learning, he said, "Today, children begin to learn mental arithmetic at the age of eight, and gradually add, subtract, multiply, divide and divide by hand". 30
For the teaching of students above middle school, Liang Qichao inherited the teaching method of "Changxing Academy", allowing students to prepare their own reading notes, record their daily reading experiences, current events and opinions, and submit them to teachers for review regularly, indicating the learning direction and inspiring patriotic enthusiasm. Liang Qichao said that this is also one of the "self-created" learning methods. "People must learn their ambitions."
Later, Liang Qichao made many incisive summaries on teaching methods and teaching reforms, such as Research on Foreign Languages, Ethics and History in Composition Teaching Method, Why We Should Pay Attention to Narrative Characters, Moon Dan in the East, Calligraphy Guide, Cases and Catalogue of Teaching Materials Reform of National History in Middle Schools, and the famous New History, China Historical Research Law and Several Cultural History Studies. Two ways to govern the country, three research methods of Chinese studies, fun of learning, fun of education and fun of education, and learning methods of free speech and debate. They all advocate brand-new scientific teaching methods and research methods from different angles. Both of them have advocacy and epoch-making practical and academic significance.