Worrying about the constitution and seeking goodness is enough to smell it, but not enough to move the public; It is wise and far away, enough to move the public, not enough to turn the people. If a gentleman wants to turn people into customs, he must learn it! Jade must be cut to make a tool. It is the king of the past, the foundation of the country, and the people put teaching first. "Saving Life" said: "Reading begins with learning." That's what it means.
Although there are good dishes, food does not know its use; Although there is supreme Tao, Buddhism does not know its goodness. It is to learn and then know the deficiency, and to teach and then know the difficulty. You can introspect if you don't know enough, and you can be self-reliant if you are sleepy. So teaching and learning are also beneficial. "Duiming" said: "Learn half." That's what it means.
Ancient teachers have schools, the party has difficulties, the art is orderly, and state-owned learning. Admission the following year, middle-aged exam. One year counts as distinguishing classics, three years counts as respecting orchestras, five years counts as learning friends, and seven years counts as small achievements. I have known the class very well for nine years and stood firm and did not object. This is a great achievement. Husband is enough to change the customs, and those who are near will persuade him, and those who are far away will be pregnant. The way of this university is also. Remember: "moths can learn from it." That's what it means.
At the beginning of the university, he sacrificed vegetables to show his respect for Taoism. "Xiaoya" is the third and the official is also the beginning; Admission drum, Sun Ye; The second thing in the early summer is to accept its prestige; If you don't know what to learn, you will travel to your ambition; Watch the time to speak and keep your heart; The young people listened and asked, but they couldn't wait to learn. These seven things are related to teaching. Remember: "Where to learn, officials should take the first step, and scholars should take the first step." That's what it means.
Teaching in a university also means having a proper career when teaching and a place to live when retiring. If you don't learn gymnastics, you can't settle down, if you don't learn bo yi, if you don't learn miscellaneous clothes, you can't settle down, and you can't enjoy learning. Therefore, a gentleman is interested in learning, hiding, practicing, resting and doing. My husband is born, so I learn from him and kiss his teacher, and I enjoy my friend very much and believe in his way, so although I leave my teacher, I have no objection. "Saving Life" said: "Respect your grandson, be sensitive, and fix it." That's what it means.
Nowadays, teachers groan and say that they are finished. Their minds are full of information and words, and they care about counting, regardless of their own safety. People can't help being sincere, and teaching people can't make the best use of it. What it does is the opposite, and what it seeks is Buddha. But if you are a husband, you will hide your study and attack your teacher, and you will suffer from it without knowing its benefits. Although it will pass quickly in the end. Teaching is not punished [5 1], why!
The law of the university: it is forbidden to call [52] in [53] before it is issued, and it can be called [54]. Sun [56] does not pay attention to festival, but is good at calling Mo. These four things are also well taught. If it is issued and then banned, it will be overwhelming [57]; If you study outside your time, you will work hard and it will be difficult to achieve anything; Miscellaneous giving without grandchildren, bad and chaotic without repair; Studying alone without friends is ignorant; Yan Peng [59] betrayed his teachers [60] and Yan Bi [6 1] and abolished his research. These six things are all taught and abandoned. A gentleman knows both teaching and being taught, and then he can be a teacher. Therefore, the teaching metaphor of a gentleman is also, Tao [62] and modest [63], strong [64] and restrained, and open. Tao leads to harmony, strength leads to restraint and opening leads to thinking. Harmony with Louise is a good metaphor.
Scholars make four mistakes, and teachers must know that people learn too much, or lose too much, or lose too little, or lose too easily, or stop when they lose. These four have different hearts, and knowing their hearts can save their losses. Teachers should also learn to be good and save the lost. A good singer makes people follow his voice, and a good teacher makes people follow his ambition. His writing is about to reach [65], which is implicit and implicit [66]. It is a rare analogy and metaphor, which can be said to be in line with ambition. A gentleman knows the difficulty of learning, the beauty and evil of learning, and then he can be metaphorical, metaphorical and then he can be a teacher, and then he can be long [67] and long and then he can be king. Therefore, teachers are also teachers, so learning is also a gentleman. Therefore, you should not be careless when choosing a teacher. Note: "Only three kings and four generations [68] became their teachers." That's what it means.
For a strict teacher, any learning method is difficult. Teacher Yan respected the Tao, and the Tao respected the people and respected learning. Therefore, the status of your monarch is not subordinate to its ministers [69]. Second, when it is a corpse [70], it is also a minister; When he was a teacher, he was also a minister. Although the gift of a college student is written about the son of heaven, there is no north, so it respects the teacher. Good scholars can learn from others and get twice the result with half the effort, so they are mediocre [71]; Poor scholars and diligent teachers get twice the result with half the effort, so they complain a lot. A good questioner, such as attacking the wood, is easy before the procedure [72], and over time, there will be explanations; People who are not good at asking questions are the opposite. Be kind to those who ask questions, such as ringing the bell. If you knock down, they will ring, if you knock up, they will ring, wait for them calmly and then go all out. People who are not good at answering questions are the opposite. This is the way to learn. Remembering the knowledge of [73] is not enough to think that a teacher must listen to the language! Force can't ask, then speak; I don't know what I said, but I can give up. The son of liangye [74] must learn to be autumn; The son of a good bow must learn the basket [75]; On the contrary, the first driver is in front of the horse. Only a gentleman who abides by these three points can have an interest in learning.
Ancient literati were uglier than things [76]. Drum is not suitable [77], and the five tones are not harmonious [78]; Water does not count for five colors, and five colors do not chapter [79]; Learning is not suitable for the five senses [80], and the five senses are incurable; Teachers are not worthy of Wufu [8 1], and Wufu is not close. The gentleman said: virtue is not an official, the avenue is not an instrument, faith is not kept, and times are uneven. Observe these four things, and you can be interested in this. The three kings sacrificed to Sichuan, which is also the first and last sea; Or source, or commission [82], this is called service book.
[Note] Think carefully. Constitution: decree. (xi m: o) Smell: A little famous. Just: close. Body: care. Tao: That makes sense. Jun: King's Landing Redeems Life: The Life Story of Shangshu. Canon: Often. Objective: Delicious. Anti: introspection. Learn half: teach half and learn half. Party: 500 families attend parties every week. 彼: School. Surgery: As "Sui", Suburb. Foreword: School. Other years: every year. Deviate from scripture: read the sentences in scripture. Determine ambition: determine ambition. Lequn: Friendly classmates. Know the class: touch the class by-pass. Strong position: the ability to judge independently. Anti: violation. Say: preach "yue". Moth: Big ant. Surgery: study. Biàn: An ancient hat made of white deerskin. Sacrificial dishes: offering sacrifices to teachers with aquatic plants such as extracts and algae. Xiao Ya: The Book of Songs Xiaoya. Xiaoya has three chapters: Luming Literature, Four Sacrifices and Huang Huang's Philosophy. Drum spring: The sound of the drum will open the reed. Sun: Tong Xun and Shun Ye. Early summer: It refers to catalpa bungeana and Vitex negundo, both of which can be used as whips. Divination: Divination is required before a big sacrifice, so it is called divination. Sightseeing: inspecting one's studies. Hey: Beyond. Karen: Principles. The first thing to do when you are an official: learn to do things first. Home study: home study. Fuck: Practice fingering on the piano. Boyi: Metaphor of poetry, Bixing. One finger can sing miscellaneous songs. Miscellaneous clothing: various clothing systems that distinguish rank and status. Art: entertainment. Hide: accumulate. Time-sensitive: always strive to improve. Mindfulness is to come: to learn. Groans: chanting. Jambi: Books. Number: frequent. Sincerity: Sincerity and voluntariness. Paradox: Chaos. Buddha: Just like "stroke", it's backwards. [5 1] Punishment: Cheng. The meaning of [52]: that is, the call of "yes". [53] Yu: Prevention. [54] Time: timely, timely. [55] Ling Festival: Ling, beyond; Moral integrity refers to age and intellectual level. [56] Sun: Shun. [57] Case: Conflict. [58] Victory: Bear. [59] Yan Peng: Fair-weather friends. [60] inverse: violation. [6 1] Yan Bi: I am eager to have fun. [62] Tao: Guide. [63] pull: force. [64] Strong: Encourage. [65] Da: Yes. [66] Zang: Good and to the point. [67] Dragon: Official. [68] only: obey. [69] People who don't treat their officials like soldiers and crabs. [70] Being a corpse: pretending to sacrifice to God. [7 1] Yong: Gong, thank you for your dedication. [72] Program: Wood Festival. [73] Remember to ask: recite the poems to be asked. [74] Metallurgy: Metallurgical workers. [75] dustpan: dustpan. [76] Ugliness: ratio. [77] When: In. [78] There is no harmony between Fu and De: there is no harmony without drums. [79] Chapter I: Highlighting. [80] The five senses: the official of the five elements, the wood is Ju Mang, the fire is Zhu Rong, the gold is Ru Shou, the water is Xuanming, and the soil is earth. 〕 81〕 Five clothes: the difference between blood and kinship, defeat, Cui Zi, great achievements, small achievements, insensitive. [82] Committee: The water is dirty.
(Shi Zhonglian)
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Appreciation: Xue Ji is the first pedagogic monograph in the educational history of China and even the world. It was written between the 4th century BC and the 3rd century BC. The author may be a student of Ke and Mencius. Although the full text is only 1229, it summarizes and summarizes the rich educational thoughts and various educational practice activities in the pre-Qin period.
The Book of Learning begins with a clear meaning, which first expresses the Confucian understanding of the function and purpose of education. Starting from the needs of social development at that time, it put forward that education is to "educate the people" and "build the country and govern the people", that is, to educate the people with moral concepts and knowledge, improve their spiritual quality and cultural level, and change bad customs and habits, so as to govern the country and society more effectively. Xue Ji linked education with personal improvement and social progress, especially highlighted the political function of education, and later became a fine tradition of ancient education in China.
The theory of good nature is the theoretical basis of Xue Ji's educational thought. "Xue Ji" compares the scholar to jade, saying: "Jade is not cut, it is not a tool; People don't learn and don't know. " On the one hand, this shows the importance of learning to people, on the other hand, it also shows that Confucianism believes that people, like jade, are born with a beautiful essence, thus showing infinite confidence in the possibility of human development. It is because of his profound understanding of human value and spiritual function that Xue Ji can put forward many outstanding opinions on a series of important issues in pedagogy.
Starting from the actual situation of education, Xue Ji saw the problems existing in the teaching process of teachers at that time. Teachers do not pay attention to guiding students to think independently, but blindly let students read the text ("groan"); Always teaching and instilling, but not committed to cultivating students' initiative ("talking too much"); In the teaching process, teachers only pay attention to speed, regardless of students' acceptance ability ("only pay attention to quantity, but ignore its safety"); Deciding the teaching content only according to the educators' ideas, not according to the students' inner needs ("making people unwilling to be sincere"); Instead of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, different people, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, and giving full play to students' specialties ("teach people not to teach students in accordance with their aptitude"). The article points out that the consequences of these problems are that students are tired of learning, lack of learning awareness and are dissatisfied with teachers, which seriously affects the teaching effect.
In view of these disadvantages, Xueji puts forward the methods that education should follow: (1) "Yu", that is, prevention first, "nip in the bud", and guide students to overcome defects when they are still in their infancy. (2) "Time" is to seize the opportunity and teach at the right time. Teenagers should be allowed to enter school at the right time and study at the best learning age. In the process of teaching, teachers should be good at grasping the opportunity and teaching in time. (3) "Sun", that is, step by step, "not demanding". We should consider the regularity of students' cognitive activities, arrange teaching contents and adopt appropriate teaching methods. (4) "Mo" is to encourage students to learn from each other and learn from each other.
At the same time, the study notes summarize four tendencies that students should correct in their study. The first is "the more you lose, the more you lose", that is, you are insatiable, knowledgeable, but have a little taste. The second is "loss is scarcity", that is, the desire for perfection, but narrow knowledge. The third is "easy to lose", learning fast, but not solid. The fourth is "Stop if you lose". Its advantage is steady progress, but its disadvantage is that you are afraid of difficulties and stop. "Xue Ji" sees that these shortcomings are manifested differently in everyone and the reasons are different. Therefore, it requires students to analyze in detail, combine with reality, carry forward advantages, overcome shortcomings and turn negative factors into positive ones. Because "more" is knowledgeable, "less" is profound and single-minded, "easy" is full of confidence, and "stop" is taken seriously. This requires teachers to be good at transformation.
The people-oriented educational tradition advocated by Confucius advocates respecting, caring, understanding and trusting every student, so it attaches importance to heuristic teaching. Xue Ji has a thorough discussion on this, specifically, it is to "lead by Tao": follow the guidance and stimulate students' initiative in learning; "Strong restraint": constantly encourage students and set high demands on them, but don't suppress their personality, which means strengthening their confidence, inspiring their enthusiasm and urging them to exert their strength; "Broaden your mind and achieve great goals": stimulate their enthusiasm for learning, don't rush to provide ready-made answers, but guide them to think independently, study hard by themselves, seek conclusions, and don't help them get ways. Only in this way will the relationship between teachers and students be harmonious ("harmonious"), teaching will become a process of joint efforts and two-way interaction between teachers and students, and students' development will be smooth ("relaxed"). Obviously, heuristic teaching is to respect students' dominant position and role in learning, which is a student-oriented theory advocated by modern education.
Learning records also attach great importance to the role of teachers in education. It advocates respecting teachers and asking monarchs not to treat teachers as soldiers and crabs. That is to say, teachers should be respected as spiritual guides, and the result is "people know and respect learning". Xue Ji holds that the key to the success or failure of teaching lies in teachers, so Xue Ji puts forward high requirements for teachers' quality. Teachers should have excellent moral quality, extensive knowledge, be proficient in their own professional knowledge and be able to answer students' questions at any time. Teachers should understand the truth that "teaching flourishes and teaching wastes", and understand and flexibly use educational principles and methods. Teachers must have good language skills. When explaining the problem, it should be concise and thorough, implicit and safe, with few but typical examples, which can fully explain the problem. On the question of how teachers can improve themselves, Xue Ji put forward the idea of "mutual learning" for the first time in the history of world education. Learning notes realize that teachers' educational practice of teaching others is also a kind of learning, and students' questions can promote teachers to study the content of teaching more deeply, so as to have a more thorough understanding of it.
Xue Ji has also made specific provisions on the academic system, examination system and standards. It is proposed that the academic system should be nine years, and the school will examine students' academic performance and conduct through one stage: in the first year, it will examine their ability to analyze scriptures and explain meanings, and understand their interests; In the third year, check whether they concentrate on their studies and get along well with the people around them; In the fifth year, we will examine whether they have extensive knowledge and love their teachers. In the seventh year, students' academic research ability and the ability to make friends and choose friends are examined, and those who pass are called "Cheng Xiao". In the ninth year, it is called "Dacheng" to examine students' academic mastery and whether they have a firm ambition of self-improvement and self-reliance. Xue Ji's evaluation system, which pays equal attention to character, study and psychology, is still instructive to China's contemporary education evaluation system.
It is worth noting that Xue Ji attaches great importance to educators' investigation of students' psychological characteristics, and demands to understand the psychological differences among different students, and carry out teaching according to different psychological qualities, so as to promote the healthy development of students' psychology. The so-called "intimate" is to understand students' learning motivation, students' ideological activities when they encounter various problems, and also to understand the psychological root of students' personality defects. It emphasizes "knowing yourself and yourself, you can win a hundred battles", that is to say, only by mastering students' ideological and psychological conditions can you prescribe the right medicine, get twice the result with half the effort and achieve good educational results. It can be said that Xueji initiated the educational psychology.
On the relationship between regular class study and hobbies, Xue Ji also expressed some incisive opinions. It is pointed out that students should not only study in regular classes, but also have a variety of hobbies, taking into account each other and complementing each other, so that hobbies can help to study in regular classes. In this way, learning activities will be relaxed, lively and diverse, full of fun.
Xue Ji comprehensively and deeply discusses all aspects of pedagogy, enriching and developing China's ancient educational thought, making it more complete and systematic. Xue Ji had a great influence on ancient education in China.