For two centuries from 17 to 18, Chuangqiao did not establish a new college. But the most important change in Cambridge's history is that natural science has gained status. As early as the late16th century, Bacon, the true ancestor of British materialism and the whole modern experimental natural science, first studied at Trinity College and then set up his own laboratory in Cambridge. Later, he served as the minister of suggestion and history, and advocated that school education should impart encyclopedic knowledge, oppose scholasticism that binds thoughts, organize empirical materials with rational thinking, and oppose blind obedience. This is a century of alternating times, and Bacon's thought reflects the pursuit of science and truth during the rising period of the British bourgeoisie. After Bacon, professorships in mathematics, chemistry, astronomy, anatomy, botany, geometry, experimental philosophy and mineralogy were quickly established. There are also corresponding professorships in Arabic, moral philosophy, musicology, modern history, theology and law. Mathematics, in particular, entered the most glorious period in Cambridge because of Newton's genius achievements. Newton entered Trinity College on 1660 and became a professor of mathematics at the age of 26. Newton and his followers made mathematics the most important subject in Cambridge and promoted the natural science research in the whole university. Since 1750, mathematics has become a compulsory course for Cambridge students. Calculus independently invented by Newton and German mathematician Leibniz is the cornerstone of the whole higher mathematics. His contributions to mechanics, including the discovery of the law of universal gravitation and the three laws of mechanics, made him a great founder of classical mechanics.

The outstanding figures of this era are: Spencer, a great English poet, entered pembroke College from 65438 to 0569, and he played a great role in the formation of English poetry meter. 1637 Puritan john harvard, who immigrated to the United States, is a Bachelor of Arts from Emanuel College. When 1638 died, he donated half of his legacy and books to Harvard University, which was under construction. His name became a symbol of Harvard's permanent commemoration. John milton, a poet and government official, 1625 entered the Christian College. Influenced by humanism, he wrote poems in Latin and English. During the Republican period, Milton served as the Latin secretary of Cromwell's government at 1649. His poems include Defending the British People, Paradise Lost and paradise regained. In addition, Cambridge has produced a science fiction writer like daniel defoe, whose masterpiece Robinson Crusoe is more famous than himself.

/kloc-the celebrities in Cambridge in the 0/9th century are: the poet Byron, 1805 entered Trinity College; Historian Macaulay, who also entered Trinity College at 18 18; Darwin, the founder of modern genetics and evolution, entered Christian College on 1825. 1873, after the establishment of Cavendish laboratory, a group of outstanding scientists and modern physicists emerged, including Maxwell, Riley, Thomson and so on. Many achievements in modern physics are almost related to this laboratory. After entering the 20th century, the famous physicist Jean-Joseph became the director of the laboratory, and the laboratory made many breakthroughs in experimental physics, especially in the study of nuclear structure, including Mott, who made achievements in quantum mechanics, Prague and his son, who made many research progress in the structure of biomolecules, and Sanger, who won the Nobel Prize in chemistry twice. So far, 25 scientists from Cavendish Laboratory have won the Nobel Prize.

1On May 5th, 986, the Asian Wall Street Journal selected 10 as the world's top university in the eyes of Asian scholars. Cambridge University and Oxford University tied for second place, second only to Harvard University in the United States. In fact, for a long time, it has been one of the few world-class institutions of higher learning that scholars all over the world yearn for.

At present, there are 365,438+0 colleges in Cambridge University. They are Peter House, which was built in 65,438+0,284 and named after the teachings of St. Peter. Trinity College was founded as Michael House in 1324, and was renamed as its current name in 1546, which is the largest number of undergraduates in all colleges, with about 700 undergraduates per year in199/kloc-0; Clare College, founded in1326; Pembroke College was founded in1347; Gonville and Caius College, founded at1348; Trinity Hall, built at1350; Corpus Christi College, founded in1352; King's College, founded in1441; Queen's College, built at1448; St Catherine's College, founded in1473; Jesus College, built in1496; Christian College, founded in1505; St. John's College, founded in1511; Magdalene College, built at1542; Emanuel College, founded in1584; Sussex College, Sydney, founded at1596; Downing College, built at1800; Homerton College, founded in1824; Gerton College, founded in 1869, is the first college where female students are hospitalized; Newnham College, founded in 187 1, is the second college where women are hospitalized. At present, only female undergraduates and graduate students are accepted, but undergraduates are the main ones. It is the college with the largest number of female undergraduates in Cambridge University, 19 1 with 420 female undergraduates. Cervin University, founded in1882; Hughes Hall, built in 1954, is the third women's college in Cambridge's history, and it still only enrolls female undergraduates and postgraduates. Churchill College, founded in1960; Lucy cavendish College, founded in 1964, is a college that only enrolls male undergraduates and postgraduates, which is probably the smallest college in Cambridge University, with less than 80 students in 199 1. Darwin College, also built by 1964, basically only recruits graduate students, and it is co-educational. It is the college with the largest number of graduate students in Cambridge University, with 277 graduate students 199 1 year. Wolfson College, founded in1965; Fitzwilliam College, founded in1966; Claire Hall, as before; Robinson College, founded in 1977. Unless otherwise specified, all the above colleges are male and female undergraduate and graduate students.

The academic activities of Cambridge University, including teaching and research, are organized by several schools as the administrative organs of the university, including the College of Natural Sciences, the College of Biological Sciences, the College of Humanities and Social Sciences and the College of Clinical Medicine. In addition, there is an inter-departmental Committee similar to these colleges, which spans the two departments of art and humanities. Below the college is a Eaculty organization, and below is a department. Subjects involved include: Anglo-Saxon, Norway and Celtic, archaeology and anthropology, architecture, chemical engineering, education, classical literature, engineering, geography, history, art history, land economics, law, mathematics and computer science, medicine, modern and ancient century languages, physics, plants, chemistry, genetics, geology, materials science, metallurgy, modern and medieval languages. There are 32 departments of science and 33 departments of liberal arts. There are about 420 exam courses leading to honorary degrees, including natural science, engineering, computer, architecture, management, medicine, economics, archaeology, law, philosophy, education, art and so on.

There are also two senior staff in the university, called the educational director. They often wear black robes and patrol the school with dignity, focusing on students' behaviors that violate the school spirit and discipline. The invigilator is elected from among senior academicians. This system has been implemented for hundreds of years, and it is still very awesome. There are many other official positions and regulations in universities, most of which originated in the Middle Ages and have not changed much, which is also a major feature of Cambridge.

Previously, the vice-chancellor was Eric Ashby BaronAshby, an official of the British University Grants Committee and chairman of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He is an internationally renowned expert and scholar in higher education. In his book "University Education in the Age of Technological Development", he put forward a famous view that universities evolve like living things. It is believed that "any type of university is the product of heredity and environment". This is very helpful for us to understand the internal development logic of universities and the interactive relationship with society. When looking forward to the future of universities, Ashby pointed out: "Today, universities in all countries are facing a common danger, that is, the danger of success. In the past, every university had an independent organism, which absorbed nutrition and developed according to its internal laws. Nowadays, universities have become an absolutely indispensable factor for economic development and national survival. In the past, under the wings of feudal dynasties and church bishops, universities were cultivated into beautiful flowers, which did not play a greater role in promoting economic development than musicians in the court. Today, under the arrangement of the government, universities are like high-yield crops, and the state tries its best to apply sufficient fertilizers to them in order to obtain high yield and promote the prosperity of the country. ..... In the process of evolution, it is experiencing the dilemma that genetic system often encounters: on the one hand, it must change itself to adapt to the new situation of society, otherwise it will be abandoned by society; On the other hand, when they adapt to social changes, they cannot destroy the integrity of universities, otherwise they will not be able to fulfill their social responsibilities. "

Since the 20th century, Cambridge is still full of talents, including more than 60 Nobel Prize winners and three British prime ministers. Among the famous scholars and celebrities, there are Keynes, the founder of Keynesian school, Russell, the mathematician and the founder of analytical philosophy, Straus and Foster, biographers and critics, Joseph Needham, Cai Qiao, Wang Zhuxi, Hua, Dai Wensai, Wang Yinglai, Lian Dewu, Ding Wenjiang and Cao, etc. , and China writers Xiao Gan, Ye Junjian, Xu Zhimo, etc. Former Indian Prime Ministers Nehru and rajiv gandhi, former Malaysian Prime Minister Herman and former Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew are all Cambridge alumni. Celebrities in Cambridge are hard to enumerate.