In fact, before these two "old friends of the Qing government and the government" wrote, the Qing government, unity and governance had already realized the necessity and urgency of "westernization". However, it is not aggressive foreigners who are determined to change, but Thailand, Ping, Tian and Guo who are trying to change the dynasty. Thailand, Ping, Tian and Guo rose from the army and bought foreign guns and guns at high prices from their "foreign countries, brothers and brothers" for a long time. As early as 1854, when General Taiping and Ping Junluo were stationed in Hukou, "there were four foreigners, ghosts and sons around them". 1862 in April, a foreign company in Shanghai sold 3046 guns, 795 guns, drugs 10947 kg and 4.5 million guns to Taiping, Pingjun and foreign countries in one month. At that time, Li Xiucheng, a loyal monarch, "There were many fireworks and guns, with 20,000 guns, and the firearms were far better than the items", and "When fighting, the fireworks attacked from the air, and the guns fell apart and the iron flew." People commented, "Thieves have no skill and courage ... only guns on the other side of the ocean. Barbarians are too proud of their own value, and half of the gold and silver looted by thieves after the fire went to barbarians. "
In the face of Britain, France and the United States, the strength of the army, ships, interests, artillery, the Qing dynasty, the government, the government can still be indifferent; Facing the west, the ocean, the fire, the vessels of the Pacific Ocean, the sky and China, they can't sit still. Zeng Guofan reported that the steamboat "can counter the rebellion, be diligent and far-sighted" and is "the first priority to save the current situation". On the left, Zeng Guofan's book "Recovering, People Help Suppress Rice Transportation and Tianjin" puts forward that "learning to build, gun, control and ship is especially beneficial". Li Hongzhang also said in the original letter from Jiangsu Governor Li Hongzhang to the Prime Minister's yamen that "China's civil and military system, degree and everything are far above westerners, and independence, artillery and weapons are even more out of reach", so it is necessary to buy foreign countries, guns and weapons.
At that time, in Beijing's political affairs, Wei Muting, an imperial envoy, also presented a famous throne: "Fire is the key to the success or failure of military camps, and the West has been the best in recent years. In the west and abroad, commerce and trafficking are the foundation of the country. Britain and France are now willing to help suppress and quell chaos, so that foreign countries and goods can flow smoothly ... Many talented people in China can be stronger than the West if they talk about strength. " Under the consensus of the political reform sweeping across the country, Li Hongzhang, Zeng Guofan, Zuo, Yi? The actions of others, and the adoption of Jiao Ying and Ye's foreign policy of caring for foreigners 20 years ago, as well as the intention of Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan to defend the country and learn from foreigners, see their strengths: "Easy to specialize in profit, and have no other plans, so we can be sure that ... Erhai can help the country to be clean and honest, and go to prison with righteousness"; "The art of self-improvement must be practiced first, and the soldiers ... should strive to revitalize, so that obedience can be peaceful and opposition can be prepared." However, twenty years ago, this was only a minority view. At this time, great-leap-forward changes and reforms called "Westernization" and "Self-improvement" were formed.
From the end of the Qing Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, the foreign affairs, factions, officials and bureaucrats of the Qing government all held the slogan and purpose of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" and launched an industrial movement nationwide. This movement began at the end of 186 1 (the tenth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty) and ended at 1895, which lasted for nearly 35 years. According to different goals, diplomacy, affairs, transportation and sports can be divided into two stages: the early stage and the late stage. Following Britain, France, the United States, the military, mourning, benefit, harmony, heaven, country, prosperity and righteousness, the upper class of the Qing court formed two camps, namely "Westernization School" and "Old School", represented by Li Hongzhang, Zeng Guofan and Zuo, advocating imitation.
Almost at the same time of "westernization, transportation and sports", Japan also began to "understand, maintain and innovate". When Li Hongzhang learned that the children of this noble family were willing to be apprentices in eastern and western factories in order to obtain "tools for making utensils", he was quite moved. He quoted the famous saying in the Book of Changes: "Endless life leads to all things", and suggested that the imperial court set up a new subject for the technically proficient candidates in the imperial examination system: "If you want to learn foreign sharp tools, it is better to find tools to make tools. Learn from others, you don't have to use them all. Those who want to find utensils and utensils to make utensils, or set up a special department to fetch cheese. If a scholar thinks that he is rich and famous all his life, his career can be achieved, his art can be refined and his talents can be gathered. "
The backbone of foreign troops, services and factions were born in the activities of going abroad, making friends, talking and judging with foreign countries, so they all had a certain understanding of the west, the east, the country and the family, especially their powerful army, which was fresh in their memory, so everything was fine during their going abroad, serving, transporting and judging. In the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School established the earliest modern times in China. The use of military, industrial, industrial and large-scale machinery and equipment has produced a civil industry with capital, capital, subjectivity and justice, which has played a certain role in stimulating people, nationalities, capital, production, grades and grades.
Learning from foreigners to control foreigners was first put forward by Wei Yuan, a famous thinker and advocate of new thinking in the Qing Dynasty, and this idea was found in his book "A Map of the Sea and the Country". The complete enlightenment of learning from foreigners to control foreigners is "learning from foreigners to control foreigners, learning from foreigners to control foreigners, learning from foreigners to control foreigners, learning from foreigners to control foreigners, and learning from foreigners to control foreigners." Just learning from the West, the East, the military, things, technology and foreigners means learning from the West and the East. This view is completely different from China's. China has been aloof for thousands of years. At that time, it was necessary to take great political, political, crisis and risk.
It is worth mentioning that Wei Yuan's thought of learning from foreigners to control foreigners has a great influence on later generations. At the end of 19, the idea of "taking middle school as the body and western learning as the application" was put forward.
However, whether it is based on "learning from foreigners to strengthen ourselves", the activities of Westernization School, Academic School or Old School are all aimed at maintaining the crumbling rule of the Qing Dynasty, so there is no difference between the two factions in essence. But it laid the foundation for China's modernization, played a powerful role, and revealed the difficult course of China's modernization.
Westernization Movement is the first large-scale imitation/promotion of Westernization, stylization, industrialization and culturalization in modern China, and it is a top-down improvement movement on the premise of maintaining feudal imperial power. Westernization, transportation and sports have introduced a large number of western scientific and technological achievements, introduced and translated a large number of western works and documents, trained the first batch of children studying abroad, and opened the door to western learning; Drawing lessons from the modern company system, a large number of industrial and chemical enterprises have been built, which has opened the road of industrial development and modernization in China in the future.
The direct result of Westernization, transportation and sports-the annihilation of the Qing navy in China, noon, sea and war finally brought Westernization, transportation and sports to an abrupt end, which dealt a heavy blow to the upper class of the Qing court, foreshadowed the later generations of, Japan, Uygur and new generations, and also profoundly affected a group of Japanese born at the end of 19. 1894 After the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, the Qing court was forced to sign treaties on Malaysia, customs, treaties and recognition of North Korea's independence, and the unification, governance, crisis and opportunities of the Qing court were even more serious. Japan, Japan's first military campaign in the history of China, won China and China, profoundly inspired the people, race, significance and understanding of Japan, China and the people, and had a far-reaching impact on the cultural, ideological and political trends of China, Japan, China and even the national movement.
Wei Yuan's "Seaside Map" advocates "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", while Feng Guifen's "Anti-learning" advocates "taking China's ethics as the original, supplemented by the skill of making the country rich and strong". Xianfeng decade (186 1 year 1 month1day), played by Prince Gong? , together with Gui Liang and Wen Xiang, played a "six overall diplomacy" and promoted a diplomacy, service, transportation and sports with the goal of prosperity. Shortly after the end of the second Anglo-French Allied Forces, the demands of foreign countries, countries, aggressors, militarists and foreigners were temporarily met by the Qing Dynasty, and politics and government used a series of economy, trade, privilege and power such as territory and sovereignty, and domestic agriculture, people, war and struggle also entered a low tide, thus showing a temporary "stable" situation, which is called "peace between China and foreign countries." However, in the unification, governance, meeting, league and middle school of the Qing Dynasty, some sober people, such as Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Prince Gong, who held the central power, did not reduce their sense of crisis and governance of the Qing government, government, unification and governance because of this "peace draw". Zeng, Li, Zuo and others have made great achievements in destroying Taitai, Ping, Tian and Guo Jian. They witnessed the "China, Yang, Hui, Jian, Jian" of foreign countries, countries, aggression, neglect, neglect and suppression. Faced with China's "unprecedented change for thousands of years", they inherited the idea of "learning from foreigners" put forward by "politicians" such as Wei Yuan, and tried to put it into practice. First, for the sake of town, oppression, peace, heaven and country. Second, under the condition of "peace" at home and abroad, Xu Tu was reduced to a small official.
In the central government, the central government, generals, rationality, officials, ministers of door affairs, and Prince Gong? Wen Xiang and Shen Guifen became the representative forces of the Westernization School in China and the Central Plains.
Among the local representatives, most of them are related to Zeng Guofan: Zeng Guofan, Chonghou, Zuo, Shen Baozhen, Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong, Liu Kunyi, Tang and so on.
Westernization, transportation and sports have brought China modern banking, transportation, sports, modern postal services, politics, sports, departments, new education (new learning), new style, military, team (Manchu, Qing, new and military), new ideas (general and harmonious), railways, heavy industries (iron mines) and so on. It has brought China closer to the world in cultural exchanges, business contacts and science and technology.
The institutions and systems established during the Westernization, transportation and sports periods can still be seen today, such as: postal services, politics, departments, unification, electricity, letters, departments, unification, railways, departments, unification, recruitment, commerce, bureau, river, south, manufacturing, ships, factories, communications, banks, transportation and so on.
Westernization, service, transportation and sports lasted for more than 30 years, until 1895, the Westernization Movement ended at noon, and wars, struggles, explosions, development, China, defeat, giving, Japan and its key projects, North, foreign countries, ships, teams, land and nothing finally failed. Li Hongzhang summed up his life in his later years and said, "I have been doing things all my life. Training, military, naval and military forces are all paper tigers. How can I really put it down but barely draw it? This is superficial, especially if I don't expose it. "
There are many reasons for the failure of Westernization, transportation and sports, including the lack of a complete plan, the lack of understanding of the politicians, the opposition of conservatives, the failure of officials, officials and officials, and the bad atmosphere. For example, Empress Dowager Cixi moved, used and built the Summer Palace, and tried every means to block, scratch, develop foreign affairs, services, transportation and sports.
Huang Renyu pointed out in the Great History of China that the so-called "Westernization" is because the West, the East and the society all pay attention to efficiency, which is quite different from the traditional social habits of China. Every weapon and its use are bound by traditional culture and ideas, which are affected in all aspects. If various industrial factories are set up, the society needs the cooperation of various commercial organizations, such as parts, banks, insurance, etc. , but these were not available in China in the19th century. Accounting has no perfect management concept, which leads to the inability to effectively verify accounting accounts; There is no standard for personnel control, because traditional culture lacks modern personnel management thinking.
Westernization, transportation and sports failed, but they also made some achievements, which will affect the future development of China. Westernization boycotted the export of goods, which stimulated the people, nation, capital, capital, democracy and justice in China. China introduced western learning in the process of diplomacy, transportation and sports, which promoted the opening of his mind. The introduction of western and eastern science and technology started the modernization of China. During this period, Wentong Library has trained many talents, and students studying abroad, going abroad, and going abroad have all learned a skill. These students have a certain knowledge of the West, the East and science and technology, which will be of great help to the future development of China.