There are 63 categories and 78 subcategories.

There are metaphors: simile, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor (also known as compound metaphor), antonym (also known as antithesis), anti-metaphor, mutual metaphor (also known as metonymy), metaphor (also known as strong metaphor), metaphor, embellishment metaphor and quotation metaphor;

There are sketch, analogy (also called contrast), avoiding repetition, changing use, layering, filling (also called contrast), setting off (also called contrast, setting off), inversion, inversion, overlapping, reduplication, truthfulness (also called couplet), contrast, antithesis (also called duality and parallelism), renovation, repetition and parallelism.

There are overlapping intricacies, compound deviation, sharing, sharing, calling, intertextuality, intertextuality, conversion, palindrome, demotion, metonymy, rhetorical question, ambiguity, parallelism, couplets, description (also divided into: imitation, imitation), brocade, connection, exaggeration, warning, and so on.

Features of Common Rhetoric Functions

1. Metaphor:

Metaphor consists of three parts:

thing-in-itself

vehicle

Metaphorical vocabulary

The biggest difference between metaphor and personification is that metaphor contains vehicles, while personification does not. )

Three types of metaphor: simile, metaphor and metonymy;

Examples of metaphor words in category feature ontology

The little girl looks like a flower.

Metaphorically, A is B, which is a thick green landscape, and it is simply a painting of green mountains and green waters.

For example, countless arrows were shot from the ground, and thousands of waterfalls fell on the roof.

Ex.: The whole thing is an ethereal blue crystal. Lao She's Winter in Jinan

2. Analogy:

With rich imagination, write things as adults, or people as things, or things as things.

Function: It can stimulate readers' imagination and make the article more vivid.

Analogy can be divided into personification and imitation.

(1) personification:

Write things as people, endow things with human actions, behaviors, thoughts, feelings and activities, and describe things with words that describe people.

Function: write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees or other inanimate things into adults, so that specific things are personalized and the language is vivid.

Example:

1. Peach, apricot and pear trees are all in full bloom. Zhu Ziqing's Spring

Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. Du Fu in Hope in Spring

The sun blushed. Zhu Ziqing's Spring

(2) simulacra:

(1) Compare people to crops, or write this thing into another thing.

example sentence

1. The crowd rushed up in despair.

Amid the cheers of the crowd, the bully ran away with his tail between his legs.

② Write things A as things B. ..

example sentence

1. The volcano erupted.

Moonlight, like running water, pours quietly on this leaf and flower. ("Moonlight on the Lotus Pond" Zhu Ziqing)

3. exaggeration:

Deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the nature, characteristics, etc of things.

Function: prompt the essence of things, contrast the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power, and cause associative effects.

Examples of category characteristics

Magnification exaggerates the shape, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things. The asphalt road was sunburned, and even the bronze medal in front of the shop seemed to be sunburned.

By reducing the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things, we can only see a palm-sized world.

Exaggerate in advance, say what comes later, and say what comes first. She was drunk before she got pregnant.

4. Parallelism:

Arrange three or more sentences with similar structure and length, consistent tone, related meaning or the same.

Function: strengthen the language situation and atmosphere, make the article more rhythmic, more organized and more conducive to expressing strong feelings (expression effect).

Example: Their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.

5. Duality:

A pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, the same structure and symmetrical meaning, expressing two opposite or similar meanings.

Function: neat and symmetrical, strong sense of rhythm, high generality, easy to remember and beautiful in music.

Main ways

1, exactly. The dual forms of the upper and lower sentences are similar, similar, complementary and contrasting in meaning.

For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.

2. Objection. The dual form of the opposite or relative meaning of the upper and lower sentences.

For example, look at a thousand fingers coldly and bow your head as a willing ox.

3. Series pair (running pair). The meaning of the upper and lower sentences has dual forms, such as inheritance, progressiveness, causality, hypothesis and conditionality.

For example, I only drink Yangtze River water and eat Wuchang fish.

6. Repeatedly:

To emphasize a certain meaning and express a certain feeling, deliberately repeat a word or sentence.

1. Repeat continuously (there are no other words in the middle)

Example: The valley echoed, he just left, he just left.

2. Repetition interval (there are other words in the middle)

For example, it seems that there are no three provinces, and the party and the country are more and more like one country. Without the three northeastern provinces, no one would make a sound, but the party and the country are more and more like a country.

7. ask questions:

In order to attract others' attention, I deliberately asked questions first and then answered them myself.

Function: attract attention and inspire readers to think; Contribute to clear hierarchy and compact structure; It can better describe the ideological activities of the characters.

Example: Why are flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis.

8. rhetorical questions (provocation, cross-examination, cross-examination):

Express definite meaning in the form of questions, express negation in the form of affirmative questions, express affirmation in the form of negative questions, and only ask without answering. The answer is implicit in the rhetorical question.

Function: strengthen tone, make people think, stimulate readers' feelings, deepen readers' impression, and enhance the momentum and persuasiveness of words.

As for me, don't I have anything to blame?

9. Quote:

Quote ready-made words (idioms, poems, aphorisms, allusions, etc.). ) The effects of improving language expression can be divided into two types: and.

Function: make the argument conclusive and sufficient, enhance persuasiveness and inspiration, and the language is refined, implicit and elegant.

Explicit quotation (direct quotation)

For example, Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. So disciples don't have to be like teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples.

Dark quotation (indirect quotation)

Example: Failure is the mother of success, so don't be discouraged.

10. Metonymy:

Don't directly say what you want to express, but borrow someone or something closely related to it instead.

Types of metonymy: characteristic substituting for things, concrete substituting for abstraction, part substituting for whole, and whole substituting for part.

Function: highlight the essential characteristics of things, enhance the image of the language, make the writing concise and concise, and make the language rich in change and sense of humor; Attract people's association, so that the expression receives outstanding images, distinctive features, concrete and vivid effects.

Method:

(1) part of the whole generation. That is to say, replace the noumenon with the representative part of things.

If the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, the lonely sails come from the sun. (Looking at Tianmen Mountain from afar)

② Feature-generated ontology. In other words, the name of the ontological thing is replaced by the characteristics and signs of the borrowing body (person or thing).

For example, the compass turned angrily, spoke slowly and walked out ... (hometown)

③ Concrete generative abstraction

For example, the South China Morning Post has a history of ten years. (meiling three chapters)

(4) Tool replaces ontology.

For example, by the time the soil is turned over, eight out of ten households have already set fire to the hoard and can't open the pot. (Yu)

⑤ proper name generalization. Replace the name of ontology with a special name of a typical person or thing.

For example, if you kill a Li Gongpu, millions of Li Gongpu will stand up! ("The Last Speech")

1 1. Irony:

Express the original intention with words or sentences that are opposite to the original intention, and strengthen the expression effect by saying irony. Some satirize and expose, while others express intimate and friendly feelings.

For example, (students studying in the Qing Dynasty) also have broken braids, which are flat. Except for the hat, they are all shiny and visible, just like a little girl's bun, and you have to twist your neck a few times. It's really beautiful.

12. Contrast:

Contrast is a metaphor, which compares two different things or two aspects of the same thing together.

For example:

Some people are alive and he is dead; Some people died, but he is still alive. (Cang Kejia, "Some People")

Using contrast, we must have a deep understanding of the contradiction of what we want to express. Two things to be compared or two aspects of the same thing should be opposite, otherwise they cannot be compared.

Parallelism, duality, personification, exaggeration, rhetorical question ......

13. Lenovo:

What you see and what you think is imagination.

The sun came out and the ground seemed to be on fire.

14. Synaesthesia:

The so-called synaesthesia is a rhetorical way to describe one feeling and express another by using the psychological phenomenon that various feelings communicate with each other.

Function: The application of synaesthesia can achieve unforgettable results, and its expressive function is irreplaceable. It can turn abstraction into image and make readers understand it better. It can arouse people's rich associations; Can be eclectic and lively; It can be accurately expressed and has far-reaching influence; It can enrich the artistic conception of poetry and form a special artistic beauty.

take for example

"The morning bell is wet outside the clouds" (Du Fu's Kuizhou is too wet to go ashore) uses the word "wet" to describe the clock. The bell you smell goes through rain and clouds, so it is "wet". Touch and hearing communicate with each other.

"Good as a guqin, lofty as a mountain, and soup like running water" (Lv Chunqiu Ben Wei). Listening to the piano, you know that you are aiming at mountains and flowing water, and your hearing and vision are interlinked.

15. Pun:

Using the polysemy of words and homophonic (or homophonic) conditions, it is intended to make a sentence have double meanings, that is, puns.

Puns can make language express implicit humor, deepen meaning and impress people.

16. Ding Zhen

Ding Zhen also makes thimbles.

Use the end of the previous article as the beginning of the next article, and connect it end to end for more than two times, so that adjacent sentences or fragments or chapters can be handed down, end to end, and symbolized as "ABC, CDE". This figure of speech is called top truth, also called thimble or couplet bead.

The use of real rhetoric can not only make the sentence structure neat and the tone coherent, but also highlight the interlocking organic connection between things.

Example: Friendship is a flower that attracts swarms of butterflies.

Friendship is a butterfly, two people dance together.

Friendship is a dance, and dance produces the fire of passion.

Friendship is a fire that burns forever.

Dreams are wings that fly in the eternal blue sky.

Dream is the sky, covering the vast sea.

Dream is the sea, or the boat is leisurely.

Dream is a small boat, braving the wind and waves at sea.

Love is the wind, rolling with thick clouds;

Love is a cloud that turns into timely rain;

Love is rain, which moistens the trees after a long drought;

Love is a tree that supports the shade for you.

17. Intermediate text

Intertextuality, also known as intertextuality, is a rhetoric method commonly used in ancient poetry.

In ancient Chinese, the meaning of a sentence (or phrase) was divided into two sentences (or phrases), and the meanings of the upper and lower sentences should be complementary in interpretation, which is intertextuality.

The old saying goes like this: "It refers to writing in the other party, but it refers to writing in the text." Specifically, it is a form: the upper and lower sentences or two parts of a sentence seem to say the same thing, but in fact they echo, explain and complement each other and say the same thing. For example:

The Moon of Qin Dynasty shines on the Han Pass.

Mist enveloped the cold sea water, and moonlight sprinkled on the beach.

The general died in battle, and the strong man returned in ten years.

The host got off the bus, the passengers got on the boat, and we raised our glasses to drink-but, alas, there was no music.

When reading ancient Chinese works, it is easy to ignore the past if you don't think carefully and appreciate some sentences that use intertextuality. For example:

(1) Smile, confuse Yangcheng and fall in love with Cai. (Song Yu's "The Loser") means: "She fooled all the dudes in Yangcheng and Cai Xia with a smile."

(2) Zi Kennosuke is like chanting, and Zhong Xuan's pen is like composing. "Wen Xin Diao Si" means: "Cao Zhi and Wang Neng spread out the paper and picked up the pen to write, as if they had memorized it in advance."

(3) Qi Weishou and Han Jingzhao. (Li Hua's "Hanging the Ancient Battlefield") Qi Weijing (Chu) Han and other kings of the Warring States recruited soldiers to guard the border. "

(4) Fierce officials came to my hometown, clamoring for things, and they ran from north to south. Liu Zongyuan's "Snake Catcher" means: "Violent police came to our village, making noise everywhere and harassing people everywhere." "East, west, north and south" here means "everywhere".

(5) don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself. (Fan Zhong's "Yueyang Tower") means: "I am not sad or happy because of the influence of external things, nor am I happy or sad because of my personal situation."

18. Ring

Simply put, loop is the same as reading forward and backward. For example:

The water in the pool is ringing; The Valley of Gold is golden.

Xiangshan Buddha in Xiang Jing, Foshan; Wengyuan milk raises milk source Weng.

Sing Tao Port welcomes Hong Kong Island stars.

The guest lives in nature, but he is a guest in the sky; People have been to the Big Buddha Temple, which is bigger than others.

19.

In order to highlight some strong feelings, writers consciously give objective things some characteristics that are consistent with their own feelings but do not actually exist. This rhetorical device is called empathy.

Using empathy rhetoric, we first move subjective feelings to things, and then use infected things to set off subjective emotions, so that things and people can be integrated, which can better express people's strong feelings and exert rhetorical effects.

For example:

1) He knows that the dew will be frost tonight, and how bright the moonlight is at home! .

(Du Fu's Remembering Brothers on a Moonlit Night)

There are four main types:

a heated discussion

Descriptive narration

There are two ways of lyric: direct lyric and indirect lyric. Direct lyric. I often express my thoughts directly and have strong feelings.

1, call: When I feel deeply, I often can't help it. I can't help shouting: "motherland, mother!" " I love you, China!

2. Epiphany: On the way to school, the French writer Dodd's "The Last Lesson" saw many people watching in front of the bulletin board of the city hall, wondering what happened. Walking into the classroom, he slowly understood that the motherland had fallen! At this time, the writer wrote: "Ah, those bad guys, they posted them on the bulletin board of the city hall, so that's the way it is!" " My last French class! "-express your feelings directly with epiphany and express your extremely sad mood.

3. Repeatedly: "Oh, Peking University, Peking University, you entrusted me with too much, too much." Use repeated sentences to express my love for Peking University.

There are three ways of indirect lyric:

1, lyrical by scenery: through the description of scenery, the so-called "all scenery words are sentimental words". My Uncle Yule, written by French writer Mo Bosang, expresses the feelings of the characters through two scenes: "We got on the boat, left the money bridge and sailed far away in the calm sea, like a green marble desktop." -show the cheerful and excited mood of the characters; "In front of us, there seems to be a purple shadow coming out of the sea in the distance." -Express the disappointment and frustration of the characters.

2. Lyric about things: In the article, "things" are written as the main object, not the general scenery. Authors often try to write some colorful things to give them some symbolic meaning and rich connotation. Bing Xin's Mother of the Paper Delivery Boat is a good example.

3. Narrative lyric: express feelings in narrative. In My Teacher, Wei Wei expressed "my" love for the teacher by describing some examples such as Cai teaching us to read poetry in class, teaching us to dance after class, and leading us to observe bees.

Look at the discussion again:

The so-called argument is the text that analyzes and comments on objective things to directly show opinions and attitudes. It is the main form of argumentative writing. In an article, arguments often emerge from narrative or explanation, while deepening the content of narrative or explanation. Arguments are often caused by events. Or sigh, or reveal, or praise, merits and demerits are all discussions.

There are many ways to discuss:

1, critical discussion.

For someone, something, something, express your views, clarify your views and opinions, or affirm, praise, or deny, criticize, with a clear attitude and bright colors. Lu Xun's "Mr. Fujino" begins with a description of the ugly state of foreign students in the Qing Dynasty with long braids and twisted necks, and ends with a sentence "It's really beautiful", which is a critical comment. The author satirizes the ignorance and art of students in Qing Dynasty with sharp language. This discussion is highly targeted.

2. Philosophical discussion.

The language is implicit, unique and thought-provoking, and this way of discussion is often very enlightening. At the end of Hometown, Mr. Lu Xun wrote: "Hope doesn't matter, it doesn't matter; This is like a road on the ground. In fact, there is no road on the ground. If there are more people walking, it will become a road. " -Implicative and meaningful, which makes people memorable.

3. Lyric discussion.

The language of discussion is the result of rational thinking, so it may lack an aura and vividness, just like a cold face. In fact, the discussion is also about style and image. Lu Xun's Hometown mentioned above compares the abstract "hope" to a tangible "road", thus giving birth to arguments and vivid images. The discussion is full of strong emotion, which endows the discussion with strong lyricism. Wei Wei wrote "Who is the cutest person", using three typical examples to show the cuteness of volunteer soldiers. After describing every vivid and touching example, the author lost no time to discuss making friends in a lyrical style and sang three sighs, which not only connected the preceding with the following, but also pointed out the main idea.

Look at the description and narration:

The function of explanation is to make people understand a thing or a thing and give people new knowledge and new understanding.

Narrative is mainly a general description and expression of people, events and environment.

Looking at the concept, it is easy to distinguish between the two, but it is difficult to distinguish between narrative and expository.

In expository writing, objective narration is necessary and necessary. However, this narrative is different from the narrative in the narrative. The purpose of narration in narrative is to describe and narrate a process or plot, while the purpose of narration in expository is to explain a fact or phenomenon besides being much simpler than narrative. For example, there is a passage in the Journey of Animals (see the textbook for full-time six-year primary schools, Zhejiang Education Publishing House, version 1988): "Someone caught seven swallows in Bremen, Germany, and took them to London by plane before releasing them. The distance between the two places is more than 700 kilometers, and there are actually five swallows flying back to Bremen. " This is a narrative that properly illustrates the swallow's ability to travel far.